THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY RUL BIOtMt SEP 2 8 1939 Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. A charge is made on all overdue books. U. of I. Library 17625-S ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XXI FISHES OF THE CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION BY ALBERT W. HERRE CURATOR OF ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, STANFORD UNIVERSITY THE LIBR* REPORTS ON RESULTS OF r^pR 3 () 1936 THE CRANE PACIFIC ExpEDiTi^ vtRS)TY WILFRED H. OSCOOD CURATOK, HKPARTMENT OP ZOOLOGY EDITOR PUBLICATION 3r>:? ( IIICAGO, U. : APRIL ir,, 1936 ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XXI rHE LIBRARY OF THE APR 3 1936 UNIVERSITY OF ILHNOIS FISHES OF THE CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION BY ALBERT W. HERRE CURATOR OF ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM, STANFORD UNIVERSITY REPORTS ON RESULTS OF THE CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION WILFRED H. OSGOOD CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY EDITOR PUBLICATION 353 CHICAGO, U.S.A. APRIL 15, 1936^ PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS CONTENTS PAGE List of Illustrations 5 Introduction 7 New Fishes 11 List of Species by Localities 12 Fishes Collected from Cocos Island to the Solomon Islands, Inclusive 22 Fishes from the Sepik River, New Guinea 433 Index . 461 1 066203 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE FIG. 1. Cypselurus alienus Herre 13 FIG. 2. Myriprislis undecimalis Herre 75 FIG. 3. Myripristis mooreanus Herre 79 FIG. 4. Micrognathus suvensis Herre 87 FIG. 5. Atherina ovalaua Herre 91 FIG. 6. Mionorus pacificus Herre 135 FIG. 7. Kuhlia bilunulata Herre 146 FIG. 8. Nesioles purpurascens De Vis 166 FIG. 9. Pempheris dispar Herre 170 FIG. 10. Gnathodentex oculo-maculatus Herre 201 FIG. 11. Parupeneus bilineatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 213 FIG. 12. Sebastapisles badio-rufus Herre 263 FIG. 13. Pomacentrus cranei Herre 289 FIG. 14. Ha lichoeres fijiensis Herre 313 FIG. 15. Thalassoma cranei Herre 320 FIG. 16. Ptereleolris (Encaeura) evides (Jordan and Hubbs) 341 FIG. 17. Alepideleotris tigris Herre 351 FIG. 18. Macgregorella badia Herre 352 FIG. 19. Macgregorella santa Herre 353 FIG. 20. Gnatholepis corlettei Herre 356 FIG. 21. Vaimosa balteata Herre 359 FIG. 22. Vaimosa osgoodi Herre 360 FIG. 23. Callogobius ocellatus Herre 362 FIG. 24. Ctenogobius aterrimus Herre 364 FIG. 25. Ctenogobius malekulae Herre 368 FIG. 26. Cingulogobius naraharae (Snyder) 372 FIG. 27. Aparrius aurocingulus Herre 373 FIG. 28. Amblygobius insignis Seale 376 FIG. 29. Amblygobius myersi Herre 378 FIG. 30. Cryptocentrus geniornatus Herre 380 FIG. 31. Cryptocentrus leucostictus (Giinther) 381 FIG. 32. Atuona tricuspidala Herre 383 FIG. 33. Papenua pugnans (Grant) 386 FIG. 34. Teeth of Stiphodon elegans (Steindachner) 388 FIG. 35. Callionymus cooki Giinther 392 FIG. 36. Gobiesox paradiseus Herre 393 FIG. 37. Enneapterygius punctulatus Herre 398 FIG. 38. Tagusa delicata Herre 399 FIG. 39. Spinoblennius spiniger Herre 400 FIG. 40. Petroscirtes kulambangrae Herre 401 FIG. 41. Salarias walensis Herre 414 FIG. 42. Arius leptaspis (Bleeker) 437 FIG. 43. Arius solidus Herre 439 FIG. 44. Hemipimelodus papillifer Herre 442 FIG. 45. Zenarchopierus sepikensis Herre 443 5 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. 46. Melanotaenia kabia Herre 444 FIG. 47. Rhombosoma sepikensis Herre 446 FIG. 48. Apogon abo Herre 448 FIG. 49. Eleotris macrolepis (Bleeker) 452 FIG. 50. Boroda malua Herre 455 FISHES OF THE CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION BY ALBERT W. HERRE INTRODUCTION The Crane Pacific Expedition, financed and headed by Mr. Cornelius Crane, left Boston November 16, 1928, in the yacht Illyria for the South Sea Islands. The author, representing Stanford University, which was cooperating with Field Museum, accompanied the Expedition as ichthyologist. The first important stop was made at Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Here, with the generous and enthusiastic aid of the late Dr. George F. Freeman, director of the Service Technique, and his staff, a series of fresh- water fishes was obtained. These will be reported upon later, pending a revision of West Indian Cyprinodontidae by Dr. George S. Myers, of the United States National Museum. During the next stop, at Panama, thirteen species of fresh-water fishes were collected at Barro Colorado, the island biological reserve in Gatun Lake, Canal Zone. A number of other species were seen, some of considerable size, but they could not be obtained because facilities were lacking. Characins, cichlids, and poecilids are present in the lake in great numbers, some of the large cichlids being very beautiful. Their iridescent spots of changeable green and blue, which are so brilliant as they swim about, become dull and soon disappear when they are removed from the water. The Illyria sailed from Panama December 30, headed for Cocos Island. This beautiful island has a rich fish fauna but our stop was too brief to secure a representative collection. Many kinds of fishes seen in great numbers could not be obtained in the few hours available. At the Galapagos Islands collections were made at the following localities: Tagus Cove and Turtle Bay, Albemarle Island; Nar- borough Island; Academy Bay, Indefatigable Island; South Sey- mour Island; Eden Island; and Post Office Bay, Charles Island. The fishes of the Galapagos Islands are remarkable for their number and variety. No region known to me offers more to the sportsman and scientific man alike than the waters surrounding this great group of lava-strewn, cactus-infested volcanic islands. The wealth of large game fishes and of sharks is astonishing. 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI The number of kinds, their size, and the number of individuals are all amazing. Three months in the Galapagos would give an energetic collector a wealth of new or little-known fishes. Very brief stops were next made at Hiva Oa and Nuka Hiva, two islands of the Marquesas group. Enough was secured to show that any student of fishes would be richly repaid for a few months spent in collecting here. For example, I obtained at Nuka Hiva a tiny banded goby hitherto known only from the Riu Kiu Islands south of Japan, far away on the other side of the Pacific in the northern hemisphere. A short stop was made at Takaroa, one of the Tuamotu Archi- pelago. Here was the largest display and greatest number of species of chaetodonts or butterfly fishes I have ever been fortunate enough to see together at any one time and place. They swarmed about the landing place like trout in a fish hatchery at feeding time, and fairly crowded one another out of the water in their eagerness to get scraps of food thrown to them. Unfortunately, none could be secured, as the firing machine for exploding dynamite would not work and our ship had put out to sea with all the fishing gear aboard. A few hours were spent at Makatea, another of the Tuamotus. The fish fauna of this island is relatively poor, as Makatea rises from comparatively deep water with very little reef on which fishes may dwell. A longer stop was made at Tahiti. Collections were made at Papeete, Maraa, in the Papenoo River, and at the neighboring island of Moorea. Very valuable assistance was given by his excel- lency Mons. Bouge, Governor of French Oceania; the American Consul, Mr. Lewis V. Boyle; Mr. and Mrs. Guild, Americans residing at Maraa, who placed their native boatmen at my disposal; and Mr. Charles B. Nordhoff, the well-known author. A few hours at Bora Bora added to the collection and indicated the riches of its waters awaiting exploration. Large additions were made at Fiji, collecting being done at Suva, capital of the archipelago, on Viti Levu Island; at Nukulau, a small island where the quarantine station is located; and at Ovalau Island. The reefs around Nukulau are one of the two best collecting grounds for coral reef tide pool fishes that I have ever been fortunate enough to observe. From Suva the Illyria sailed to the New Hebrides, where im- portant additions were obtained at the following places: Vila, Efat4 Island; Bushman Bay, Malekula Island; Wala Island; Malo Island; 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 9 Hog Harbor and Turtle Bay, Espiritu Santo Island. Mr. Ewan Corlette, of Bushman Bay, and Mr. Robertson, of Hog Harbor, were both exceedingly helpful. The Solomon Islands were next visited, stops being made at Ugi Island; Tulagi, the seat of government; Auki, Malaita Island; Tenibuli, Ysabel Island; Kulambangra Island; Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island; and Shortland Island. Captain Hill, the administrative official at Tenibuli, was of great assistance, giving the services of his native fisherman. This man was a highly competent naturalist who not only knew a vast va- riety of fishes but knew their habits and when and where each kind could be found. Three days with him were just an indication of what might be accomplished were one able to work with him for as many weeks. The fish fauna of the New Hebrides and the Solomons are two of the least-known of the world. Their fishes have been but little col- lected, and any naturalist spending a season in either group would not only reap a rich harvest of new or insufficiently known species but would add very greatly to our knowledge of the geographic distri- bution of Indo-Pacific fishes. Rabaul, on the island of New Britain and capital of former German New Guinea, was the next stop, but there was almost no opportunity to collect fishes while there. No stops were made along the vast unworked reefs on the north coast of this large and almost unexplored island; the Illyria sailed direct for New Guinea. Some collecting at night was done at Madang and Sek on the north coast, after which we entered the Sepik River and sailed 405 miles up this great stream. The river was in flood, which precluded seining or working the sand bars and shore line. Very few fish were obtained but many of those secured were new. The fishes of the northern half of New Guinea are very imperfectly known. Two months on the Sepik during July and August, the time of lowest water, would unquestionably yield a rich harvest of new species. A half day was spent in collecting at Manokwari, Dutch New Guinea, and two days and a half at Waigiu Island. Both of these are classic localities where the types of a number of species were obtained long ago, but no extended systematic collecting has ever been done at either place. At Ternate, one of the Moluccas or Spice Islands, a region of island volcanos of extraordinary beauty and interest, a few speci- 10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI mens were secured in the market and the night was spent in fishing by electric light. Lembeh Strait, Celebes, was the next anchorage and some reef and shore fishes were collected. Part of an afternoon and three hours the next forenoon were spent on the coral reef at Taruna, Sangi Island, one of the Sangir group, a chain of lovely volcanic islets between Celebes and Mindanao. Taruna harbor is an ancient volcanic crater with a narrow fringe of coral on one side, and is a place of charm and beauty. Here I saw the largest and most gorgeously colored coral reef fishes that I have encountered in nearly ten years of field study and ob- servation in the tropical Pacific. At Sandakan, British North Borneo, I left the Illyria. While awaiting a steamer for the Philippine Islands I spent two weeks collecting fish at the Sandakan market and at a fresh-water stream eight miles away. Mr. D. D. Wood, Conservator of Forests, was of very great service, and little could have been done without his generous assistance. At Jolo, capital of the Sulu Islands, further collections were made and field work for the Crane Expedition was completed. A great deal of time was spent at every anchorage in fishing with a submarine electric light at night. By this means many rarities and other highly interesting species were secured that could not have been obtained otherwise. Whenever possible an attempt was made to secure fresh-water fishes, but our stops were too brief to allow trips away from the seacoast or to the interior of islands. Reef fishes were obtained chiefly by the use of dynamite as time was too short to permit the use of other means. This method is open to the serious objection that certain abundant species are very rarely or never secured by it. Chloride of lime was used to poison tide pools and proved to be a very valuable means of obtain- ing pomacentrids, gobies, and small fishes in general. It is of little value in securing eels or other fishes that hide in the interstices of coral, or in getting the larger blennies and other active fishes that leave in a hurry when the water begins to get offensive to them. Neither is it of any value in really large pools, with their great wealth and variety of fish life. No attempt has been made to give the complete synonymy of the fishes listed, but enough has been given to indicate their position. In giving the length the caudal fin has not been included except where it is expressly stated. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 11 Five hundred and eighty-five species of fish are listed as follows: Caicos Passage, West Indies, 1; Gatun Lake, Panama, 13; Pacific Ocean, 541; Sepik River, New Guinea, 30. In the Pacific the number of species collected at each island or group of islands was as follows: Cocos, 24; Galapagos Islands, 65; Marquesas, 45; Tuamotu Islands, 40; Tahiti, 115; Moorea, 49; Bora Bora, 39; Fiji Islands, 153; New Hebrides, 140; Solomon Islands, 191. NEW FISHES Many forms not previously described were collected. Because of unavoidable delay in publication of the general Report, these new fishes have been described elsewhere. They include: One new family, Disparichthyidae. Seven new genera: family Disparichthyidae, Disparichthys; family Eleotridae, Alepideleotris; family Gobiidae, Atuona, Gladiogobius, Papenua; family Blenniidae, Spinoblennius, Tagusa. One new subgenus: family Ariidae, Brustiarius. Fifty-one new species: South coast of Cuba and from Caicos Passage, West Indies: family Exocoetidae: Cypselurus alienus (Fig. 1). Galapagos Islands: family Apogonidae, Mionorus pacificus; family Eleotridae, Alepideleotris tigris; family Gobiesocidae, Gobiesox paradiseus; family Blenniidae, Spinoblennius spiniger, Tagusa delicata. Marquesas Islands: family Gobiidae, Atuona tricuspidata. Tuamotu Archipelago: family Holocentridae, Myripristis un- decimalis; family Scorpaenidae, Sebastapistes badio-rufus. Society Islands: family Holocentridae, Myripristis mooreanus; family Serrariidae, Anthias mooreanus. Fiji Islands: family Atherinidae, Atherina ovalaua; family Syn- gnathidae, Micrognathus suvensis; family Kuhliidae, Kuhlia bilun- ulata; family Labridae, Halichoeres fijiensis; family Gobiidae, Aparrius aurocingulus, Callogobius ocellatus, Macgregorella badia, Vaimosa osgoodi. New Hebrides: family Muraenidae, Gymnothorax efatensis; family Gobiidae, Gnatholepis corlettei, Macgregorella santa, Ctenogobius male- kulae; family Blenniidae, Enneapterygius punctulatus, Salarias walensis. Solomon Islands: family Lethrinidae, Gnathodentex oculo- maculatus; family Pempheridae, Pempheris dispar; family Poma- centridae, Pomacentrus cranei; family Labridae, Thalassoma cranei; 12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI family Gobiidae, Amblygobius myersi, Ctenogobius aterrimus; family Blenniidae, Petroscirtes kulambangrae. Sepik River, New Guinea: family Disparichthyidae, Disparichthys fluviatilis; family Ariidae, Arius solidus, Arius kanganamanensis, Arius (Brustiarius) nox, Hemipimelodus papillifer; family Hemi- rhamphidae, Zenarchopterus sepikensis; family Melanotaeniidae, Melanotaenia kabia, Melanotaenia rosacea, Rhombosoma sepikensis; family Apogonidae, Apogon abo; family Eleotridae, Boroda malua; family Gobiidae, Glossogobius koragensis. Waigiu Island: family Syngnathidae, Bombonia uxorius; family Gobiidae, Cryptocentrus geniornatus (Fig. 30) ; Ctenogobius waigiensis, Gladiogobius ensifer,Vaimosa balteata (Fig. 21) ; family Callionymidae, Cattionymus wilburi; family Blenniidae, Enneapterygius waigiensis. LIST OF SPECIES BY LOCALITIES WEST INDIES Cypselurus alienus Herre GATUN LAKE, CANAL ZONE Aequidens caerulfopunctatus (Kner and Gambusia nicaraguensis Gvinther Steindachner) Gobiomorus dormitor (Lacepede) Agonostomns monticola (Bancroft) M ollienisia sphenops (Cuvier and Valen- Astyanax ruberrimus Eigenmann ciennes) Brachyrhaphis episcopi (Steindachner) Piabucina panamensis Gill Brycon striatulus (Kner) Roeboides guaiemalensis (Giinther) CicUasoma maculicauda Regan Thyrina chagresi (Meek and Hilde- Compsura gorgonae (Evermann and brand) Goldsborough) COCOS ISLAND Acanthurus aliala Lesson KuMia taeniura (Cuvier and Valen- Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus) ciennes) Apogon atradorsatus Heller and Snod- Luiianus jordani (Gilbert) grass Mania birostris (Walbaum) Carcharinus cerdale Gilbert Melichthys radula (Solander) Carcharinus galapagensis (Snodgrass and M yriprustis murdjan (Forskal) Heller) Myripristis occidentalis Gill Carcharinus platyrhynchus (Gilbert) Paranlhias furcifer (Cuvier and Chaetodon nigrirosiris (Gill) Valenciennes) Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus Pomacentrus arcifrons Heller and Snod- Dactyloscopus pectoralis Gill grass Echeneis remora Linnaeus Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede) Epinephelus labriformis (Jenyns) Rupiscartes atlanticus (Cuvier and Etoplites riridis (Valenciennes) Valenciennes) Gymnolhorax pidus (Ahl) Triaenodon obesus (Ruppell) Holocentrus suborbitalis Gill GALAPAGOS ISLANDS Abudefduf saxaiilis (Linnaeus) Apogon atradorsatus Heller and Snod- Alepideleotris tigris Herre grass Amsotremus surinamensis (Bloch) Bathygobius fuscus (Ruppell) Arbaciosa truncata Heller and Snodgrass Bodianus eclancheri (Valenciennes) 13 14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Calamus brachysomus (Lockington) Carcharinus cerdale Gilbert Carcharinus galapagensis (Snodgrass and Heller) Carcharinus platyrhynchus (Gilbert) Caulolatilus princeps (Jenyns) Chilomycterus affinis Giinther Coryphaena hippurus (Linnaeus) Doydixodon freminvillei Valenciennes Emmnion bristolae Jordan Epinephelus labriformis (Jenyns) Eucinostomus californiensis (Gill) Gobiesox paradiseus Herre Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani Gymnothorax undulatus (Lac6pede) Halichoeres dispilus (Gunther) Holacanthus passer Valenciennes Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani) Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) Labrisomus xanti Gill Malacoctenus zonogaster Heller and Snodgrass Mania birostris (Walbaum) Mionorus pacificus Herre Mugil thoburni Jordan and Starks Mycteroperca olfax (Jenyns) Nematistius pectoralis Gill Neolhunnus macropterus (Schlegel) Nexilarius concolor (Gill) Ogilbia venlralis (Gill) Ophioblennius steindachneri Jordan and Evermann Opisthonema libertate (Gunther) Orthopristis forbesi Jordan and Starks Paralabrax albomaculatus (Jenyns) Paranthias furcifer (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Platophrys constellatus Jordan Pneumatophorus peruanus Jordan and Hubbs Pomacentrus arcifrons Heller and Snod- grass Pomacenlrus beebei (Nichols) Pomacentrus leucorus Gilbert Prionotus miles Jenyns Runula albolinea Nichols Rupiscartes atlanticus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Sarda chiliensis (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Sardinella thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert) Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill) Scorpaenodes xyris (Jordan and Gilbert) Spheroides annulatus (Jenyns) Sphyraena idiastes Heller and Snodgrass Spinoblennius spiniger Herre Tagusa delicata Herre Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus) Umbrina galapagprum Steindachner Xenichthys agassizii Steuidachner Xenichthys xanti Gill Xenocys jessiae Jordan and Bollman Xesurus laticlavius (Valenciennes) Zonogobius rhizophora (Heller and Snod- grass) MARQUESAS ISLANDS Abudefduf brownriggi (Bennett) Abudefduf leucozona (Bleeker) Abudefduf melas (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus) Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal) Acanthurus aliala Lesson Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus) Anguilla mauritiana Bennett Apogon angustata (Smith and Radcliffe) Atuona tricuspidata Herre Bathygobius fuscus (Riippell) Caranx ignobilis (Forskal) Caranx sansun (Forskal) Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard Caranx stellatus Eydoux and Souleyet Carcharinus melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard) Chaenomugil chaptali (Eydoux and Souleyet) Chaetodon fasciatus Forskal Chaeiodon ornatissimus Solander Chanos chanos (Forskal) Chlamydes cotticeps (Steindachner) Chonophorus genivittatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Cingulogobius naraharae (Snyder) Coelonotus argulus (Peters) Dascyllus trimaculatus (Riippell) Decapterus lajang Bleeker Echidna amblyodon (Bleeker) Eleotris fusca (Bloch and Schneider) Epinephelus australis (Castelnau) Gymnothorax boschi (Bleeker) Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl) Liza seheli (Forskal) Lutianus kasmira (Forskal) Lutianus marginatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Lutianus monostigma (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Myripristis intermedius Gunther Parupeneus bilineatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Polynemus sexfilis Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede) Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch) Pristiapogon snyderi (Jordan and Ever- mann) Salarias edentulus (Bloch and Schneider) Salarias marmoratus (Bennett) Siiphodon elegans (Steindachner) Trachurops macrophthalmus (Riippell) Upeneus vittatus (Forskal) 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 15 TUAMOTU ISLANDS Abudefduf leucopomus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal) Acanthurus aliala Lesson Acanthurus elongatus (Lacepede) Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus) Amanses scopas (Cuvier) Aulostomus valentini (Bleeker) Balistapus aculeatus (Linnaeus) Balistes vidua Solander Bathygobius fuscus (Riippell) Blennius tonganus Jordan and Seale Cantherines pardalis (Riippell) Caracanthus maculatus (Gray) Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider Chaeton ulietensis Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Choerodon ulietensis Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gai- mard) Dascyllus trimaculatus (Riippell) Epibulus insidiator (Pallas) Eviota afelei Jordan and Seale Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet) Gymnothorax pictus (A hi) Heniochus monoceros Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Holocentrus diadema Lacepede Holocentrus microstomus Giinther Liza borneensis (Bleeker) Lutianus marginatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Lutianus monostigma (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) Myripristis undecimalis Herre Naso brevirostris (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Ostracion cornutus Linnaeus Ostracion tuberculatus Linnaeus Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Riippell) Platophrys mancus (Broussonet) Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede) Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch) Priacanthus hamrur (Forskal) Pseudocheilinus hexataenia (Bleeker) Salarias edentulus (Bloch and Schneider) Sebastapistes badio-rufus Herre Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus) SOCIETY ISLANDS Abudefduf brownriggi (Bennett) Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Abudefduf dicki (Li6nard) Abudefduf uniocellatus (Quoy and Gai- mard) Acanthurus aliala Lesson Acanthurus gahm (Forskal) Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus) Acanthurus matoides Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus) Achirophichthys kampeni (Weber and Beaufort) Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) Anguilla mauritiana Bennett Anthias mooreanus Herre Apogon apogonides (Bleeker) Apogon aroubiensis Hombron and Jac- quinot Apogon bandanensis Bleeker Apogon exostigma (Jordan and Seale) Apogon frenatus Valenciennes Apogonichthys perdix Bleeker Asterropteryx semipunctatus Riippell Aulostomus valentini (Bleeker) Balistapus aculeatus (Linnaeus) Balistapus undulatus (Park) Balistes bursa Bloch and Schneider Balistes vidua Solander Canthigaster margaritatus (Riippell) Canthigaster solandri (Richardson) Caranx ignobilis (ForskM) Caranx melampygus Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Caranx sansun (Forskal) Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard Caranx stellatus Eydoux and Souleyet Carapus homei (Richardson) Carapus parvipinnis (Kaup) Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider Cephalopholis miniatus (Forskal) Chaenomugil chaptali (Eydoux and Souleyet) Chaetodon auriga Forskal Chaetodon citrinellus Broussonet Chaetodon fasciatus Forskal Chaetodon strigangulus Solander Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park Chaetodon ulietensis Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch) Cheilinus trilobatus Lace"pede Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepede) Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier and Valenciennes Chonophorus genivittalus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Chonophorus ocellaris (Broussonet) Chromis caeruleus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Chromis dimidiatus (Klunzinger) Chromis dimidiatus iomelas Jordan and Seale 16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Cons aygula Lac^pede Cons pulcherrima Giinther Corythoichthys conspicillatus (Jenyns) Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gai- mard) Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett) Cypselurus spilopterus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus) Dascyllus trimaculatus (Riippell) Decapterus sanctae-helenae (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Diodon hystrix Linnaeus Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) Eleotris fusca (Bloch and Schneider) Encheliophis vermicularis J. Miiller Enchelyurus ater (Giinther) Epibulus insidiator (Pallas) Epinephelus merra Bloch Epinephelus ongus (Bloch) Eviota afelei Jordan and Seale Eviota distigma Jordan and Seale Fistularia petimba Lacepede Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet) Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl) Gymnothorax richardsoni (Bleeker) Halichoeres centiquadrus (Lacepede) Halichoeres daedalma Jordan and Seale Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy and Gaimard) Heniochus permutatus Bennett Holacanthus flavissimus Cuvier and Valenciennes Holocentrus caudimaculatus Riippell Holocentrus diadema LacSpede Holocentrus laevis Giinther Holocentrus microstomus Giinther Holocentrus opercularis Cuvier and Valenciennes Holocentrus rubellio Seale Holocentrus sammara (Forskal) Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal) Holocentrus tiereoides Bleeker Holotrachys lima (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Kuhlia taeniura (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskal) Lethrinus miniatus (Forster) Lethrinus variegatus Ehrenberg Liza melinoptera (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Liza seheli (Forskal) Liza troscheli (Bleeker) Liza vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) Lutianus marginatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Lutianus monostigma (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker) Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal) Mugil engeli Bleeker Mulloidichthys auriflamma (Forskal) Mulloidichthys samoensis (Giinther) Myripristis intermedium Giinther Myripristis microphthalmus Bleeker Myripristis mooreanus Herre Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) Myripristis pralinius Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Ostracion cornutus Linnaeus Ostracion tuberculatus Linnaeus Papenua pugnans (Grant) Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Riippell) Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepede) Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacepede) Parupeneus moana (Jordan and Seale) Polynemus indicus Shaw Pomacentrus lividus (Forster) Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede) Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch) Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede) Pseudogramma polyacanthus Bleeker Pterois radiata Cuvier and Valenciennes Ruvettus pretiosus Coccq Scarus erythrodon Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Scants globiceps Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Scarus troscheli Bleeker Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy and Gaimard) Scorpaenodes scabra (Ramsay and Ogilby) Sebastapistes bynoensis (Richardson) Stiphodon elegans (Steindachner) Stolephorus japonicus (Houttuyn) Teuthis striolata Giinther Teuthis vermiculatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Thalassoma harduncke (Bennett) Thalassoma lutescens (Lay and Bennett) Thalassoma umbrostygma (Riippell) Trachurops macrophthalmus (Riippell) Tylosurus melanotus (Bleeker) Uropterygius concolor Riippell Zanclus canescens (Linnaeus) Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus) Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett) Zonogobius semidoliatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) FIJI ISLANDS Abudefduf broumriggi (Bennett) Abudefduf curacao (Bloch) Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuvier and Abudefduf glaucus (Cuvier and Valen- Valenciennes) ciennes) 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 17 Abudefduf leucozona (Bleeker) Abudefduf melas (Kuhl and Van Has- selt) Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus) Abudefduf uniocellatus (Quoy and Gai- mard) Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus) Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) Ambassis vaivasensis Jordan and Seale Amblygobius phalaena (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort Aparrius aurocingulus Herre Aphthalmichthys abbreviates Bleeker Aphthalmichthys jayanicus Kaup Apogon bandanensis Bleeker Apogon exostigma (Jordan and Seale) Apogonichthys auritus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Apogon novemfasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes Asterropteryx semipunctalus Riippell Atherina forskali Riippell Atherina ovalaua Herre Balistapus aculeatus (Linnaeus) Balistapus undulatus (Park) Balistes viridescens Bloch and Schneider Bathygobius fuscus (Riippell) Bostrichthys sinensis (Lace^pede) Bregmaceros atripinnis (Tickell) Bregmaceros mcclellandi Thompson Caecula longipinne (Kner and Stein- dachner) Callionymus cooki Giinther Callogobius ocellatus Herre Callogobius sclateri (Steindachner) Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker) Canthigaster solandri (Richardson) Caranx melampygus Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard Chaetodon citrinellus Broussonet Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus Chirocentrus dorab (Forskal) Choeroichthys sculplus (Giinther) Chonophorus genivittatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Chonophorus ocellaris (Broussonet) Corythoichlhys fasciatus (Gray) Cryptocentrus leucostictus (Giinther) Cryptocentrus voighti (Bleeker) Ctenogobius decoratus (Herre) Ctenogobius neophytus (Giinther) Ctenogobius scapulopunctatus (Beaufort) Cymolutes lecluse (Quoy and Gaimard) Cypselurus rondeletii (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus Eleotris fusca (Bloch and Schneider) Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker Enchelyurus ater (Giinther) Engraulis apiensis (Jordan and Seale) Engraulis heterolobus (Riippell) Engraulis zollingeri Bleeker Enneapterygius pardochir Jordan and Seale Epinephelus^ merra Bloch Eviota afelei Jordan and Seale Eviota distigma Jordan and Seale Eviota viridis (Waite) Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus Genes kapas Bleeker Genes macracanthus Bleeker Genes macrosoma Bleeker Glossogobius biocellatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Glossogobius celebius (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Gnatholepis deltoides (Seale) Gobius ornatus Riippell Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg) Gymnothprax favagineus Bloch and Schneider Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl) Gymnothorax richardsoni (Bleeker) Gymnothorax undulatus (Lac6pede) Halichoeres binotopsis (Bleeker) Halichoeres fijiensis Herre Halichoeres hoeveni (Bleeker) Halichoeres kallochroma (Bleeker) Halichoeres opercularis (Giinther) Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy and Gaimard) Harengula melanura (Cuvier) Hemiramphus dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes Hemiramphus far (Forskal) Hepsetia pinguis (Lacepede) Hypseleotris giintheri (Bleeker) Ichthyocampus kampeni M. Weber Kuhlia bilunulata Herre Kuhlia rupestris (Lacdpede) Kyphosus waigiensis (Quoy and Gai- mard) Leiognathus dussumieri (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Ben- nett) Lethrinus leutjanus (Lacepede) Liza melinoptera (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Liza oligolepis (Bleeker) Liza seheli (Forskal) Liza troscheli (Bleeker) Liza vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) Lutianus argentimaculatus (Forskal) Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal) Lutianus marginatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Lutianus monostigma (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Macgregorella badia Herre Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) Micrognathus brevirostris (Riippell) 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Micrognathus suvensis Herre Mugil dussumieri Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Mugil kandavensis Gtinther Muraenichthys macropterus Bleeker Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) Novaculichthys taeniourus (LacSpede) Ophiocara porocephala (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Parapercis cylindrica (Bloch) Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus) Petroscirtes obliquus Carman Petroscirtes xestus Jordan and Seale Platophrys pantherinus (Riippell) Pomacentrus eclipticus Jordan and Seale Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker) Pseudochromis tapeinosoma Bleeker Pseudogramma polyacanthus Bleeker Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker) Salarias alboguttatus Kner Salaries caudolineatus Gunther Salarias edentulus (Bloch and Schneider) Salarias fasciatus (Bloch) Salarias lineatus Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Salarias margaritatus (Kendall and Radcliffe). Salarias periophthalmus Cuvier and Valenciennes Scants erythrodon Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Scorpaenodes scabra (Ramsay and Ogil- by) Sebastapistes bynoensis (Richardson) Spheroides lagocephalus (Linnaeus) Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum) Sphyraenajello Cuvier and Valenciennes Stephanolepis melanocephalus (Bleeker) Stephanolepis tomentosus (Linnaeus) Stethojulis axillaris (Quoy and Gaimard) Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett) Stiphodon elegans (Steindachner) Stolephorus delicatulus (Bennett) Tetraodon immaculatus Bloch and Schneider Tetraodon reticularis Bloch and Schnei- der Teuthis striolata Giinther Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett) Therapon argenteus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Therapon jarbua (Forskal) Trachurops macrophthalmus (Riippell) Vaimosa osgoodi Herre Valenciennea muralis (Quoy and Gai- mard) Xiphias gladius Linnaeus Zenarchopterus dispar (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Zonogobius semidoliatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) NEW HEBRIDES Abudefduf brownriggi (Bennett) Abudefduf glaucus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Abudefduf leucozona (Bleeker) Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus) Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal) Abudefduf taupou Jordan and Seale Abudefduf uniocellatus (Quoy and Gai- mard) Acanthochromis polyacanthus (Bleeker) Acanthurus elongatus (Lac6pede) Acanthurus flavoguttatus Kittlitz Acanthurus gahm (Forskal) Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus) Acanthurus trioslegus (Linnaeus) Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) Albula vulpes (Linnaeus) Aphthalmichthys javanicus Kaup Apogon bandanensis Bleeker Apogon frenatus Valenciennes Apogon novemfasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes Apogon robusta (Smith and Radcliffe) Asterropteryx semipunctatus Rtippell Atherina endrachtensis Quoy and Gaim- ard Alherina forskali Rtippell Balistapus undulatus (Park) Bafhygobius fuscus (Rtippell) Callogobius sclateri (Steindachner) Caranx ignobilis (Forskal) Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider Cephalopholis urodelus (Bloch and Schneider) Chaetodon fasciatus Forskal Chaetodon triangulum Kuhl and Van Hasselt Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch Chanos chanos (Forskal) Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch) Cheilinus diagrammus (Laclpede) Cheiloprion labiatus (Day) Choeroichthys sculptus (Gunther) Chromis caeruleus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Chromis dimidiatus (Klunzinger) Chromis ternatensis (Bleeker) Corythoichthys conspicillatus (Jenyns) Corythoichthys corrugatus (Weber) Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett) Ctenogobius baliuroides (Bleeker) Ctenogobius malekulae Herre Cypselurus altipennis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) Enchelyurus ater (Gtinther) 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 19 Engraulis tri Bleeker Enneapterygius minutus (Giinther) Enneapterygius punctulatus Herre Epibulus insidiator (Pallas) Epinephelus caeruleo-punctatus (Bloch) Epinephelus merra Bloch Eviota smaragdus Jordan and Scale Eviota viridis (Waite) Gerres filamentosus Cuvier Gnatholepis corlettei Herre Gnatholepis gemmeus Herre Gobiodon quinquestrigatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Gobiodon rivulatus (Riippell) Gobius ornatus Riippell Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg) Gymnothorax efatensis Herre Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch and Schneider Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl) Gymnothorax undulatus (Lac^pede) Halichoeres miniatus (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) Halichoeres notopsis (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) Harengula melanura (Cuvier) Harengula moluccensis Bleeker Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch) Heniochus permutatus Bennett Holacanthus nicobariensis (Bloch and Schneider) Holacanthus semicirculatus Cuvier and Valenciennes Holocentrus microstomus Giinther Holocentrus ruber (Forskal) Holocentrus tiereoides Bleeker Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Kuhlia rupestris (Lace'pede) Leiognathus fasdatus (Lace'pede) Lethrinus harak (Forskal) Liza troscheli (Bleeker) Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal) Lutianus marginatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Lutianus monostigma (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Lutianus semicinctus Quoy and Gai- mard Macgregorella santa Herre Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus) Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus) Mugil longimanus Giinther Mulloidichthys samoensis (Gxinther) Myripristis adustus Bleeker Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) Myripristis violaceus Bleeker Naso lituratus (Forster) Nesiotes purpurascens De Vis Ophiocara porocephala (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Riippell) Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch) Parupeneus moana (Jordan and Scale) Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus) Plesiops melas Bleeker Plesiops nigricans (Riippell) Polynemus plebeius Broussonet Pomacentrus albofasciatus Schlegel and Miiller Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker Pomacentrus littoralis Kuhl and Van Hasselt Pomacentrus lividus (Forster) Pomacentrus nigricans (LacSpede) Pomacentrus notophthalmus Bleeker Pomacentrus tropicus Seale Pomacentrus violascens (Bleeker) Priopis buruensis (Bleeker) Ptereleotris (Encaeura) evides (Jordan and Hubbs) Salarias belemnites De Vis Salarias caudolineatus Giinther Salarias edentulus (Bloch and Schneider) Salarias guttatus Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Salarias periophthalmus Cuvier and Valenciennes Salarias saliens (Forster) Salarias walensis Herre Scarus erythrodon Cuvier and], Valen- ciennes '\ :.' Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus) Scolopsis bilineatus (Bloch) Scomberoides toloo-parah (Riippell) Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy and Gaimard) Scorpaenodes scabra (Ramsay and Ogil- by) Stolephorus delicatulus (Bennett) Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett) .... . Therapon jarbua (Forskal) . . Trachinotus bailloni (Lac^pede) Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Uropterygius concolor Riippell Uropterygius marmoratus (Lac^pede) Z and us cornutus (Linnaeus) Zebrasoma fiavescens (Bennett) Zonogobius semidoliatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) SOLOMON ISLANDS Abudefduf bankieri (Richardson) Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch) Abudefduf coelestinus Valenciennes) (Cuvier and 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Abudefduf curacao (Bloch) Abudefduf dicki (Lienard) Abudefduf lacrymatus (Quoy and Gai- mard) Abudefduf melas (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) Abudefduf metallicus Jordan and Seale Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus) Abudefduf uniocellatus (Quoy and Gai- mard) Acanthochromis polyacanthus (Bleeker) Acanthurus gahm (Forskal) Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus) Acanthurus matoides Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) Amanses scopes (Cuvier) Ambassis commersoni Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Ambassis miops Giinther Amblygobius insignis Seale Amblygobius myersi Herre Apogon amboinensis Bleeker Apogon bandanensis Bleeker Apogon compressus Smith and Radcliffe Apogon exostigma (Jordan and Seale) Apogon frenatus Valenciennes Apogon hartzfeldi Bleeker Apogon hyalosoma Bleeker Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker Apogon melas Bleeker Apogon multilineatus Bleeker Apogon novemfasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes Apogon orbicularis Kuhl and Van Hasselt Apogon rhodopterus Bleeker Apogon sangiensis Bleeker Archamia zosterophora (Bleeker) Atherina forskali Riippell Balistapus undulatus (Park) Balistes viridescens Bloch and Schneider Bathygobius fusciis (Rtippell) Butis amboinensis (Bleeker) Butis gymnopomus (Bleeker) Caesio caerulaureus Lacepede Caesio chrysozona Kuhl and Van Hasselt Caesio erythrogaster Kuhl and Van Hasselt Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard Caranx stellatus Eydoux and Souleyet Cephalopholis cyanostigma (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) Cephalopholis kendalli Evermann and Seale Cephalopholis leopardus (Lac6pede) Cephalopholis pachycentron (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Cephalopholis rogaa (Forskal) Cephalopholis urodelus (Bloch and Schneider) Chaetodon bennetti Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Chaetodon fasciatus Forskal Chaetodon octofasciatus Bloch Chaetodon rafflesi Bennett Chaetodon triangulum Kuhl and Van Hasselt Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch) Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch) Cheilinus oxyrhynchus Bleeker Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepede) Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier and Valenciennes Cheiloprion labiatus (Day) Choerodon anchorago (Bloch) Chromis caeruleus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Chromis ternatensis (Bleeker) Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett) Ctenogobius aterrimus Herre Ctenogobius filamentosus (Sauvage) Ctenogobius suluensis (Herre) Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus Eleotris fusca (Bloch and Schneider) Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker Engraulis heterolobus (Riippell) Epibulus insidiator (Pallas) Epinephelus coeruleo-punctatus (Bloch) Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider) Epinephelus merra Bloch Epinephelus ongus (Bloch) Fistularia petimba Lacepede Gnathodentex oculo-maculatus Herre Gnatholepis puntangoides (Bleeker) Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede) Halichoeres gymnocephalus (Bloch and Schneider) Halichoeres hoeveni (Bleeker) Halichoeres purpurascens (Bloch and Schneider) Halichoeres scapularis (Bennett) Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon (Bleeker) Hemiramphus dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes Hemiramphus far (Forskal) Holacanthus sexslriatus Kuhl and Van Hasselt Holacanthus vroliki Bleeker Holocentrus binotatus Quoy and Gai- mard Holocentrus caudimaculatus Riippell Holocentrus cornutus Bleeker Holocentrus diadema Lacepede Holocentrus lacteo-guttatus Cuvier and Valenciennes Holocentrus laevis Giinther Holocentrus sammara (Forskal) Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal) Holocentrus unipunctatus Giinther Holocentrus violaceus Bleeker 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 21 Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede) Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskal) Labrichthys cyanotaenia Bleeker Lethrinus haematopterus Schlegel Lethrinus harak (Forskal) Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker Liza vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard) Lo vulpinus (Schlegel and Muller) Lutianus biguttatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Lutianus bohar (Forskal) Lutianus chrysotaenia Bleeker Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal) Lutianus gibbus (Forskal) Lutianus kasmira (Forskal) Lutianus lineatus (Quoy and Gaimard) Lutianus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider) Lutianus marginatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Lutianus oligolepis Bleeker Lutianus rivulatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Lutianus russelli (Bleeker) Lutianus semicinctus Quoy and Gai- mard Macgregorella santa Herre Macolor macolor (Lesson) Micrognathus brevirostris (Riippell) Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal) Mulloidichthys samoensis (Gxinther) Myripristis adustus Bleeker Myripristis intermedius Giinther Myripristis leiognathos Valenciennes Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) Parupeneus barberinus (Lac^pede) Parupeneus moana (Jordan and Scale) Pempheris dispar Herre Pentapus caninus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus) Petroscirtes kulambangrae Herre Plectorhinchus celebicus Bleeker Plectropomus oligacanthus Bleeker Plesiops nigricans (Riippell) Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker Pomacenirus bankieri (Richardson) Pomacentrus caeruleus Quoy and Gai- mard Pomacentrus cranei Herre Pomacentrus dorsalis Gill Pomacentrus lividus (Forster) Pomacentrus melanopterus Bleeker Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede) Pomacentrus notophthalmus Bleeker Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch) Pomacentrus simsiang Bleeker Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier and Valenciennes Priopis buruensis (Bleeker) Pterois antennata (Bloch) Rhabdamia cypselurus Weber Scarus abacurus (Jordan and Scale) Scarus balinensis Bleeker Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker Scarus dubius Bennett Scarus erythrodon Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Scarus frenatus Lac6pede Scarus pectoralis Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Scarus quoyi Cuvier and Valenciennes Scarus zonularis (Jordan and Seale) Scolopsis ciliatus (Lacepede) Scolopsis leucotaenia Bleeker Scolopsis margaritifer Cuvier and Valen- ciennes Scomberoides tol (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Sparus berda Forskal Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum) Stephanolepis tomentosus (Linnaeus) Stolephorus delicatulus (Bennett) Teuthis doliata (Cuvier) Teuthis hexagonata (Bleeker) Teuthis lineata (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Teuthis oramin (Bloch and Schneider) Teuthis puella (Schlegel) Teuthis rostrata (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Thalassoma cranei Herre Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus) Thalassoma schwanenfeldi (Bleeker) Therapon cancellatus (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) Upeneus tragula Richardson Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett) Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch) Zenarchopterus dispar (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Zenarchopterus kampeni M. Weber SEPIK RIVER, NEW GUINEA Anguilla pacifica J. Schmidt Anguilla spengeli Weber Apogon abo Herre Arius kanganamanensis Herre Arius leptaspis (Bleeker) Arius (Brustiarius) nox Herre Arius solidus Herre Boroda malua Herre Butis amboinensis (Bleeker) Chonophorus lachrymosus (Peters) Disparichthys fluviatilis Herre Eleotris macrolepis (Bleeker) Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Glossogobius celebius (Cuvier and Valen- Mogurnda mogurnda (Richardson) ciennes) Muraenichthys schultzei Bleeker Glossogobius giuris (Buchanan Hamil- Ophiocara aporos (Bleeker) ton) Ophiocara porocephala (Cuvier and Glossogobius koragensis Herre Valenciennes) Hemipimelodus papillifer Herre Parambassis confinis (Weber) Hypseleotris guntheri (Bleeker) Priopis buruensis (Bleeker) Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier and Valen- Pristis perotteli Miiller and Henle ciennes) Rhombosoma sepikensis Herre Melanotaenia kabia Herre Zenarchopterus sepikensis Herre Melanotaenia rosacea Herre FISHES COLLECTED FROM COCOS ISLAND TO THE SOLOMON ISLANDS, INCLUSIVE Family CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharinus cerdale Gilbert. Carcharinus cerdale Gilbert, Fishes of Panama, MS., 1898, in Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. & Mid. Amer., Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, 1898, p. 2746; Meek and Hildebrand, Fishes Panama, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 15, 1923, p. 47, pi. 1, fig. 2. The head is depressed, with long, narrow, flat, sharp-pointed snout; the serrate teeth are broader and more oblique above than below, 26 to 28 teeth in each jaw; the lateral teeth above are notched on the outer side, with 1 or 2 denticles behind the notch; the second dorsal is small, over or behind the middle of the anal base, its posterior angle much produced, its base 6 to 9 times in the interspace between the dorsals; the anal is a little larger than the second dorsal, its margin more deeply concave, the posterior lobe pointed; the upper caudal lobe is very long, 3.9 to 4.3 times in the length, the lower lobe broad, a little less than half as long as the upper lobe; the short pectoral does not reach to the end of the first dorsal base. The color varies from bluish gray to light gray above, the belly and lower parts paler to whitish; the fins are all grayish to dusky, the pectoral sometimes black-tipped. A female specimen was caught at Lat. 6 18' N. and Long. 84 14' W. Its head and trunk were 1,235 mm., its caudal 570 mm. in length. The skull only was kept. Numerous specimens, 1.6 to 2 meters in length were caught at Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, and South Seymour Island, Galapagos, but were all too bulky to preserve. Carcharinus galapagensis (Snodgrass and Heller). Carcharias galapagensis Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6, 1905, p. 343 Galapagos Islands. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 23 This species has the fins always uniform in coloration with the body, from embryos to adults 2 meters in length; they are never white-margined as in C. platyrhynchus. This shark swarms in the waters of the Galapagos Islands and about Cocos Island. I have never seen sharks of this genus in such abundance as in these two localities. A great many of this species were caught by hook and line, or harpooned. The largest captured was a little less than 2 meters in length to the caudal base. From Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 3 specimens of the following dimensions were taken: length of head and trunk, 555, 575, 620 mm.; of caudal, 225, 241, 246 mm. Carcharinus melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard). Carcharias melanopterus Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zoologie, 2, 1824, p. 194, pi. 43, figs. 1, 2 Waigiu, Mariannes; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 38, pi. 1. This species is readily recognized as it is the only Polynesian shark having all the fins with deep black tips; the head is very broad and depressed, with a short, obtusely rounded snout; the teeth are in 25 to 31 rows above and below. Many small specimens were obtained at Nuka Hiva, Marquesas Islands, when a large school of Trachurops macrophthalmus was captured by a seine haul on the beach. These sharks were from 750 mm. to 1,275 mm. long. Many more specimens were seen swim- ming about in the harbor, but none were more than 1,800 mm. long. Other small specimens were seen at Tahiti and Fiji. Carcharinus platyrhynchus (Gilbert). Eulamia platyrhynchus Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 544 (in part) Clarion Island, Socorro Island, Magdalena Bay, Lower California; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 36 (in part). The very flat, broadly rounded snout is a little more than the width of the mouth and less than the distance between the nostrils; the base of the first dorsal is 2.5 times in the dorsal interspace. This species, readily recognized by the white tips and posterior margin of the pectorals and dorsal, and pale or whitish tips to the caudal lobes, is common at Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos. Specimens were also caught at Cocos Island. Three specimens from Tagus Cove were kept, their lengths as follows: head and trunk, 500, 520, 572 mm.; caudal, 190, 210, 235 mm. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Triaenodon obesus (Riippell). Carcharias obesus Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 64, pi. 18, fig. 2 Red Sea. Triaenodon obesus Miiller and Henle, Plagiost., 1841, p. 55, pi. 20; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6, 1905, p. 344; Carman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 36, 1913, p. 163; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 22, fig. 7. This species is readily recognized by its broad, blunt, much depressed head, extremely short, wide, and obtuse snout with the nostrils very close to its margin, and characteristic dentition. The teeth are in 40 to 45 rows above, 40 to 47 below, more or less oblique in the upper jaw, especially along the sides, and erect in the lower jaw, with a long sharp median cusp and one or two smaller cusps on each side. The first dorsal is nearer to the ventrals than to the pectorals, its tip extending beyond the middle of the ventrals; the second dorsal is larger than the anal, their origins opposite. The color in alcohol is more or less brownish or rusty brown above, paler to whitish beneath; the tips of the dorsals and upper caudal lobe are milky white, the margins of the other fins dark or blackish. This common species of the Indian Ocean and East Indies was recorded by Snodgrass and Heller from Coccs Island. Our Expedi- tion caught a specimen at Cocos Island also; its head and trunk measured 667 mm., the caudal 236 mm. Family AETOBATIDAE Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen). Raja narinari Euphrasen, Kong. Svens. Vet. nya Handl., 11, 1790, p. 217, pi. 10 St. Bartholomew, West Indies. Aetobatus narinari Blainville, Journ. Phys., Chem., Hist. Nat., 83, 1816, p. 261; Gudger, Pub. 183, Carnegie Inst., Washington, 1914, pp. 243-323; on page 317 is a complete synonymy; author summarizes all our knowl- edge of this ray, with 10 plates and 19 text figures. The color of fresh specimens is dark brown, bluish, or blue black, with many yellowish or bluish white spots scattered over the entire upper surface, the size and number of the spots varying considerably, and often absent altogether on the head; the under side is white. This large and strikingly colored ray is found throughout the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Specimens more than a meter wide were seen at Tahiti, and smaller specimens in the New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, and Dutch New Guinea. Speci- mens of large size were also observed at Lembeh Strait, Celebes. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 25 It is common in the market at Sandakan, British North Borneo, and in the Philippines throughout. On the island of Jolo I have examined specimens more than 2 meters in diameter. In spite of the abundance of this ray it is difficult for the traveler to secure material for his collections, because they are ordinarily entirely too large for any available container. A specimen from Sandakan had a length of 325 mm., a breadth of 575 mm., and the very slender tail was 1,230 mm. long. Family MOBULIDAE Manta birostris (Walbaum). Raja birostris Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, 1792, p. 535; after Diabolus marinus Willughby. At Cocos Island several specimens were seen, one or two passing repeatedly under a small launch in which I was seated. These rays were about ten feet in breadth and on the upper surface were reddish in color, of the hue known as dregs of wine. Many huge specimens were seen in the Galapagos Islands, especially in the channel between Albemarle and Narborough Islands, in the general region of Tagus Cove and Turtle Bay, Albe- marle. Some of them were more than sixteen feet across. To see one of these enormous creatures leap into the air at least ten feet above the water, exposing its vast gleaming white under surface, is an unforgettable sight. These giant devil rays swim with great rapidity. They have a habit of swimming a few feet below the surface with the upturned triangular tip of each gigantic wing-like pectoral fin projecting above the water, so that from a little distance it seems as though two huge sharks were swimming ten to twenty feet apart, with their dorsal fins projecting. Mr. Cornelius Crane spent a good deal of time trying to harpoon some of the devil rays, but they were easily able to elude or out- distance a fast motor launch. We were therefore unable to secure any specimens. Family MEGALOPIDAE Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet). Clupea cyprinoides Broussonet, Ichthyologia, Dec. 1, 1782, p. 27, pi. 9 fresh water, Tanna Island, New Hebrides (pages and plates not numbered). Megalops cyprinoides Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 7, 1868, p. 471; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 87, pi. 270, fig. 4; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Indo-Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 5, fig. 4; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 27. Dorsal 17 to 20; anal 23 to 28; there are 35 or 36 scales in the lateral line plus 3 more on the caudal base, 6 scales above and 6 below the lateral line. The depth is 3.3 to 3.5, the head 3.5 to 4 times in the length; the eye is 2.6 to 3.4 times in the head, longer than the snout. The last dorsal ray is produced into a long filament; the maxillary extends to beneath the posterior part of the eye or even beyond its hind border. The color is bright silver, bluish dorsally, whitish below; the dorsal, caudal, and upper part of the pectorals are dusky or black, the rest of the fins colorless. In alcohol the color is bluish black above, the sides dusky brown, paling to yellowish beneath, with more or less silvery luster over all; the dorsal and caudal are black or blackish, the other fins pale, the pectoral dusted with blackish specks on the inside. A specimen, 183 mm. long, was taken from a creek flowing into Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. A number of large specimens were seen in a small fresh-water pool a few miles from Papeete, Tahiti, but the owner would not allow any to be caught. Large specimens were also seen in the market at Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Family ALBULIDAE Albula vulpes (Linnaeus). Esox vulpes Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 313 Bahama Islands. Albula vulpes Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 411, pi. 68, fig. 179; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, 1903 (1905), p. 55, fig. 9; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 7, fig. 5. Dorsal III, 15; anal I, 8; there are about 75 scales in a longitudinal series. The depth is 5.6, the head 3.1, the caudal 4 times in the length; the eye is 3.6, the snout 2.75 times, the least depth of the caudal peduncle nearly 4 times in the head. The body is elongate, the head long and pointed, the large eye covered with an adipose lid; the mouth is inferior, the caudal deeply forked; there is a median band of elongate membranous scales along the back; the origin of the dorsal is a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to the caudal base; the origin of the ventrals is beneath the posterior third of the dorsal; the small anal is very far back, near the caudal. The color is silvery, the fins usually colorless, or margined with dusky. Many specimens have dusky longitudinal lines along the 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 27 back and upper part of the sides and others have a dozen or fifteen dusky crossbars along the upper half. My specimens have both longitudinal and crossbanded dusky markings. Three young specimens, 35 to 56 mm. in length, were taken at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Family CHANIDAE Chanos chanos (Forskal). Mugil chanos Forskal, Descr.' Anim., 1775, p. 74; Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 116. Mugile chani Bonnaterre, Encyclop. meth., Ichthy., 1788, p. 180. Mugil salmoneus (Forster) Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 121; Forster, Descr. Anim., ed. Lichtenstein, 1844, p. 299. Chanos arabicus Lace'pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 5, 1803, p. 396; Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 135. Palah bontah Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, 2, 1803, pi. 207. Tooleloo Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, 2, 1803, pi. 208. Lutodeira indica Van Hasselt, Algem. Konst. en Letterb., 1823, p. 333; Bull. Sci. Nat. (Ferussac), 2, 1824, p. 92. Lutodeira chanos Riippell, Atlas, Fische, Rothen Meers, 1828, p. 18, pi. 5, fig. 1, a and b. Cyprinus (Leuciscus) palah Cuvier, Regne Anim., ed. 2, 2, 1829, p. 222, after Russell. Cyprinus tolo Cuvier, Regne Anim., ed. 2, 2, 1829, p. 222, after Russell. Leuciscus zeylonicus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 184. Leuciscus (Ptycholepis) salmoneus Richardson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (1), 11, 1843, p. 489; Gray, in Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand, 2, 1843, p. 218. Chanos mento Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 141. Chanos chloropterus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 141; Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 341. Chanos nuchalis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 142. Chanos orientalis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 143; Eydoux and Souleyet, Zool. Voy. Bonite, Atlas, Poiss., pi. 7, fig. 1; Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 341. Chanos cyprinella Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 144. Chanos lubina Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 145, pi. 533; Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 7, 1868, p. 474; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 82. Chanos salmoneus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 146; Giinther, Cat. Fishes, 7, 1868, p. 472; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 81, pi. 272, fig. 4; Gunther, Report Challenger Exp., Zoology, 1, 1880, pt. 6, Shore Fishes, p. 61; Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 651, pi. 166, fig. 2; Boulenger, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., (2), 12, 1909, p. 291. 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Lutodeira salmonea Richardson, Zool., Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 1844-48, p. 58, pi. 36, figs. 1 and 2. Butirinus argenteus and maderaspatensis Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit. and Sci., 15, 1849, pp. 343, 344. Chanos pala and tolo Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 1849, pp. 278 and 282. Chanos indicus Bleeker, Enum. Pise. Arch. Ind., Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., 6, 1859, p. 160. Lutodeira chanos Giinther, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 120. Lutodeira chloropterus Playfair, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 868. Chanos chanos Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 21, 1871, p. 605; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47, (1), 1896, p. 414; Steindachner, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 70, 1900, p. 514; Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 22, 1902 (1903), p. 432; Jordan and Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, 1903, p. 327; Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28, 1904, p. 123; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), p. 56, fig. 10; Jordan and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 186; Jordan and Herre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 31, 1906, p. 622; Jordan and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 26, 1907, p. 4; Ever- mann and Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 31, 1907, p. 505; Jordan and Richard- son, Bull. Bur. Fish., 27, 1908, p. 236; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 3, 1910, p. 387; Weber, Siboga Exp., Fische, 1913, p. 3; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 15, fig. 8; Jordan and Tanaka, Annals Carnegie Mus., 17, 1927, p. 260; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 28; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 38, 1929, p. 498, fig. 1. Dorsal II, 12 to 14; anal II, 8 or 9; pectoral I, 15 or 16; ventral I, 10 or 11; there are 75 to 85 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, plus 5 to 11 more on the latter; there are 12 or 13 scales above and 10 or 11 below the lateral Ijne; vertebrae 26+18=44. ' The elongate, compressed body becomes thicker with age, the head relatively shorter and broader in large, old specimens; the depth is 3.5 to 3.75 times, the head 3.5 to 3.8 times in the length; the large eye is covered with a thick adipose lid, 2.75 to 3.5 times in the head, usually 3.25 to 3.5; the broad snout is usually three-fourths of the eye; the interorbital is broad, flat, equal to the eye in small or medium-sized specimens; in very large or mature specimens it becomes convex and a fourth or half more than the eye; the origin of the dorsal is nearer to the caudal base than to the tip of the snout; the large, scaly, basal sheath of the dorsal is elongated pos- teriorly; the anterior dorsal ray is falcate, 1.3 to 1.4 times in the head; the anal is much smaller than the dorsal, its height 3.36 to 5.9 times in the head; the very large, deeply forked caudal is 2.44 to 2.88 times in the length; the pointed pectoral is 1.6 to 1.85 times, the ventral 1.85 to 2.15 times in the head. The color in life is brilliantly silver over all, brilliant glossy blue or bluish olive above, the top of the head yellowish olive, the 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 29 sides whitish, white beneath. There are opalescent and golden glints on the sides of the head; the dorsal is yellowish, the pectoral, anals, and ventrals more or less yellow; the caudal is gray or color- less, with a blackish posterior margin. Sometimes the inside of the pectoral and ventrals is dusky or black. The color in alcohol is bluish above, the sides merging gradually into white beneath, a brilliant silver luster over all; the fins are all whitish, or the dorsal and caudal dusky; the eye is more or less deep reddish yellow. Two specimens, 135 and 142 mm. in length, were taken from a small fresh-water pool a few yards from the seashore, Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas. Another, 235 mm. long, was collected at Bush- man Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides, and a young one, 88 mm. long. Adult specimens are from 700 mm. to 1.5 meters in length. This swift, powerful swimmer ranges the tropical Indo-Pacific from the Pacific coast of Mexico to the east coast of Africa. Its leaping powers are astonishing. Both Mr. Alvin Seale and myself have seen fish of this species leap vertically into the air to a height of 7 meters or more. This is the most important fish in the Philippines, economically, more than $25,000,000 being invested in its culture near Manila. Large sums are also invested in fish ponds for its keep in Java and elsewhere. Family CHIROCENTRIDAE Chirocentrus dorab (Forskal). Clupea dorab Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 72 Red Sea; Russell, Descr. and Fig. 200 Fishes, 1803, p. 78, pi. 199. Chirocentrus dorab Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 81; Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 150, pi. 565; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 92, pi. 271, fig. 3; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 652, pi. 166, fig. 3; Jordan and Herre, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 31, 1906, p. 641; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 18, fig. 11. Dorsal IV, 13; anal III, 30; pectoral I, 12. The depth is 5.8, the head 5.4 times in the length; the eye is covered with a very large adipose lid, 4.6 times, the snout 3.25 times in the head; the snout is short, the mouth nearly vertical, with very prominent chin, the long, curved maxillary extending to beneath the middle of the eye; the dorsal is short, far back, its origin opposite that of the very long anal, the base of the latter 4.25 times in the length; the deeply forked caudal is broken in my specimen; there is a very large axillary scale above and a smaller one below the pectoral. The body is very greatly compressed, so that its Malay name of "knife fish," 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Ikan parang, is well deserved; the small scales are deciduous, very few being present on my specimen; on the caudal base are 2 very large scales. The color in life is deep blue above, with green streaks on the sides, the lower half silvery white, with a golden stripe along the side separating the two colors. The color in alcohol is blackish along the back, leaden on the upper part of the sides, the rest pale yellowish, with silvery luster wherever scales are present. Here described from a specimen, 325 mm. long, which leaped aboard a motor launch that was running along near Ovalau Island, Fiji, at night. Family CLUPEIDAE Sardinella thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert). Clupea thrissina Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 353 Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Sardinella thrissina Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 430; Meek and Hildebrand, Fishes Panama, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 15, 1925, p. 185. Dorsal 16; anal 15; there are 40 scales in a longitudinal, 10 in a transverse series; the depth is 3.33, the large, blunt head 3.75 times in the length; the eye is 3 times in the head; there are 16+13 strong ventral scutes, the belly much compressed. The color is bluish above, paler below, with a bright silver luster; on the shoulder is a circular black spot; the fins are colorless. In alcohol they become very pale yellowish, the sides of the head bright silver, and a silver band along the middle of the side to the tail; the top of the head, base of the dorsal, anal and caudal dotted with black specks. There were 160 specimens, 21 to 30 mm. in length, caught at South Seymour Island, Galapagos; 10 specimens of the same size were taken at Eden Island, Galapagos. Harengula melanura (Cuvier). Clupea melanura Cuvier, Regne Anim., ed. 2, 3, 1829, p. 318 Tahiti. Clupea (Harengula) melanura Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1872, p. Ill, pi. 269, fig. 5; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 72. Harengula melanura Sauvage, Poiss. Madagascar, 1891, p. 492. Sardinella melanura Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 30. Harengula commersoni Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 186; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 244. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 31 Dorsal III, 13; anal III, 16 to 18; there are 38 to 40 scales in a longitudinal series to the caudal base, plus 3 or 4 more on the latter, and 11 in a transverse series between the dorsal and ventral origins; there are 16 or 17 preventral and 11 postventral abdominal scutes. The depth is 3.7 to 3.85, the head 4 to 4.2 times in the length. The forked caudal equals the depth. The eye is equal to the snout, 3.4 to 3.75 times; the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.5 times in the head. The body is elongate, fusiform, compressed, the snout blunt, the lower jaw projecting, the maxillary reaching under the anterior third of the eye or more, but not to the middle of the pupil; the dorsal origin is nearer to the tip of the snout than to the caudal base; the ventral origin is below the second third of the dorsal, the anal origin much behind the posterior extremity of the dorsal. The color in life is deep sea green or blue above, the sides silvery, the tips of the caudal black. In alcohol the color is slaty blue or dusky brownish above, with violet reflections, with a black line from the scapular region to the upper part of the caudal base, below this silvery white to yellowish with silvery reflections; the fins are largely colorless or whitish, the dorsal darker anteriorly, and the caudal tips broadly black. At Nukulau Island, Fiji, 5 specimens, 35 to 40 mm. long, were obtained. In the New Hebrides large schools of this sardine were seen, and 62 specimens were taken at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, 47 to 110 mm. in length. Harengula moluccensis Bleeker. Harengula moluccensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 4, 1853, p. 609 Ternate, Amboina, Ceram. Clupea (Harengula) moluccensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 107, pi. 263, fig. 2 Amboina, Ceram; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo- Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 81. Harengula Kunzei Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 12, 1856-57, p. 209. Clupea (Harengula) Kunzei Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 107, pi. 263, fig. 1. Harengula kunzei Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 243. Dorsal IV, 15; anal II, 14 or 15; there are 42 to 44 scales in a longitudinal series to the caudal base, 10 or 11 in a transverse series, and 13 predorsal scales; gill-rakers about 35 on the lower arch; there are 16 preventral abdominal scutes and 13 postventral. The depth is 3.4 to 3.5 times in the length, the head equal to the depth 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI or with only a minute difference. The eye is 3.2 to 3.3, the snout 3.4 to 3.6, the interorbital 4.8 to 4.9, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.85 to 2.95 times in the head, the caudal shorter than the head. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper and the maxillary extends to the middle of the eye; there are teeth on the tongue, palatines, and pterygoids; the veinules on the sides of the head extend upon the body behind the upper part of the opercles; the origin of the dorsal is nearer to the tip of the snout than to the caudal base; the origin of the ventrals is under the anterior part of the dorsal; the scales are firmly adherent, with 4 or 5 vertical striae. The color in alcohol is bluish to brownish above, the sides yellow- ish with a silvery sheen; the top of the dorsal is blackish. Four specimens, 89 to 101 mm. in length, were collected at Vila, Efat4 Island, New Hebrides. Opisthonema libertate (Giinther). Meletta libertatis Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1866, p. 603 Libertad, San Salvador. Opisthonema libertate Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 433; Meek and Hildebrand, Marine Fishes Panama, 1, 1923, p. 188. Clupanodon libertatis Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6, 1905, p. 348. The last dorsal ray is produced in a long filament about equal to the head. Dorsal 15 to 17; anal 19; scales 46 to 48. The color is silvery, more or less bluish along the back, and with a blackish spot at the shoulder; the tips of the caudal are black. Fifteen specimens in very poor condition, ranging in length from 20 to 31 mm., were taken at Eden Island, Galapagos. Stolephorus delicatulus (Bennett). Clupea delicatula Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, 1831, p. 168 Mauritius. Spratelloides delicatulus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 96, pi. 264, fig. 3; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 3, 1909-10, p. 383; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 20. Stolephorus delicatulus Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 186; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 243; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 29. Dorsal II, 9 or 10; anal II, 7; there are 35 or 36 scales in a longi- tudinal series to the caudal base and 3 more on the latter, 7 or 8 in a transverse series, and 13 to 15 before the dorsal. The depth 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 33 of the fusiform body is 4.5 to 5.5, the head 3.5 to 4.25 times in the length. The eye and snout are about equal, 3 to 3.6 times in the head. The origin of the dorsal is nearer to the tip of the snout than to the caudal base; the origin of the ventrals is nearer to the anal than to the base of the pectorals. The color in alcohol is dusky above, the sides brownish with minute dots, with a silvery luster over all. A specimen, 46 mm. long, was taken at Ovalau Island, Fiji, by the aid of electric light, and by the same method 30 specimens, 20 to 47 mm. long, were taken at Turtle Bay, Espiritu Santo Island, New Hebrides. In the same way 65 specimens, 17 to 33 mm. long, were taken at Tulagi Harbor, Solomon Islands, and 40 specimens, from 12 to 34 mm. long, at Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island. Stolephorus japonicus (Houttuyn). Atherina japonica Houttuyn, Verb. Hollands. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem, 20, 1782, p. 340 Japan. Dorsal 12; anal 13. There are 42 to 45 scales in a longitudinal series. The scales are very deciduous. There is a very broad silvery band from the head to the base of the caudal, bordered above by a black line; the top of the head is dusky, its sides bright silver; there is a black line along the back from the top of the head to the base of the caudal, and a silver stripe extending from the head along the middle of throat and belly to the caudal. We have 52 specimens, 16 to 36 mm. long, from Tahiti. Family ENGRAULIDAE Engraulis apiensis (Jordan and Scale). Anchovia apiensis Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 187, fig. 3 Apia, Samoa; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 33. Dorsal I, 13; anal I, 16 to 20; the scales are very deciduous, 32 to 36 in a longitudinal series. The depth is 5.1 to 5.3 times, the head 3.9 to 4 times in the length. The eye is about 3 to 3.2 times, the snout 4.8 to 5 times in the head. The elongate maxillary extends to the posterior margin of the opercle, about 5 times in the total length. The deeply forked caudal equals or may exceed the head. The origin of the anal is under the posterior third of the dorsal. 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI The color in alcohol is yellowish white, with the dorsal scales more or less punctulate or outlined by blackish dots, the top of the head black or very dark brown, a blue black blotch on the upper margin of the eye, a row of black dots along the base of the anal, and the caudal more or less blackish, especially basally. Here described from 8 specimens, 38 to 60 mm. in length, caught by electric light in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Another specimen, 56 mm. long, was taken while seining the Mbureta River, Ovalau Island, Fiji. These were compared with paratypes from Samoa. Engraulis heterolobus (Riippell). Stolephorus heterolobus Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 79, pi. 21," fig. 4 Massaua, Red Sea; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 126, pi. 265, fig. 1; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 44. Engraulis heterolobus Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 7, 1868, p. 392; Klun- zinger, Abh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 21, 1871, p. 596. Dorsal 13 to 14; anal 16 to 18; there are 36 scales in a longi- tudinal series, plus two more on the caudal base, 8 or 9 in a trans- verse series; gill-rakers 22. The depth of the elongate body is 5.5, the head 3.8 to 3.9, the caudal 4.8, the anal base 5.8 times in the length. The eye is 3.75, the very prominent, pointed snout 5 times in the head. The maxillary is dilated posteriorly where it overlies the angle of the mouth, its extremity rounded and narrowed, reaching to the hind margin of the preoperculum; the dorsal origin is much behind that of the ventrals and nearer to the caudal base than to the tip of the snout; the origin of the anal is just behind a vertical from the base of the last dorsal ray; the caudal is forked; there are 5 spiny scutes between the pectorals and ventrals; the scales are very easily detached, mostly gone in my specimens. The color in alcohol is pale yellowish, the sides of the head silvery iridescent, and with a bright silver band from the angle of the opercle to the middle of the caudal base, the lower half of the body with beautiful pearly iridescence. Ten specimens, 30 to 58 mm. in length, were taken by the aid of electric light in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island. The description is from 2 specimens, 57 and 58 mm. in length. There were 400 specimens, 30 to 40 mm. in length, caught by electric light lure at Tulagi, capital of the Solomons. A very large school of adult anchovies apparently of this species was seen under the dock, swim- ming about in the manner so characteristic of the members of this 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 35 group of fishes. A delay of two hours in getting nets from the Illyria prevented our obtaining any specimens, as the school left when the tide turned. Engraulis tri Bleeker. Engraulis tri Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., 24, 1852, Haringach., p. 40 Java; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 630, pi. 158, fig. 6. Stokphorus tri Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 128, pi. 262, fig. 1; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 47. Dorsal I, 14 or 15; anal III, 17 to 19; there are 33 or 34 scales in a longitudinal, 8 or 9 in a transverse series. The depth is 4.5 to 5, the head 3.6 to 3.7, the caudal 4 to 4.2, the anal 4.5 to 5.2 times in the length. The eye is 3.5 to 3.75, the pointed, projecting snout 5 times in the head. The maxillary extends to the gill opening, its posterior end pointed. The origin of the dorsal is nearer to the caudal base than to the tip of the snout and is about midway between the front margin of the eye and the caudal base. The origin of the anal is below the middle of the dorsal. The caudal is deeply forked. The scales are very thin and deciduous, my specimens being largely naked. There are 4 or 5 scutes with long slender spines between the pectorals and ventrals. There are 23 or 24 stout, serrulated gill-rakers, the longest about three-fourths an eye- diameter in length. The color in alcohol is pale yellowish, the sides of the head silvery, with black on the nape, and black edgings on the dorsal scales, a row of black dots at the anal base, and some blackish shading on the caudal, especially marginally. A silvery lateral band was present in life. Here described from 20 specimens, 31 to 55 mm. in length, collected at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Engraulis zollingeri Bleeker. Engraulis zollingeri Bleeker, Journ. Ind. Arch., 2, 1849, p. 73 Macassar, Celebes; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 7, 1868, p. 387. Stolephorus zollingeri Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 127, pi. 264, fig. 2; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 2, 1913, p. 44. Dorsal I, 14; anal I, 15; there are apparently 42 scales in a longitudinal series from the upper angle of the gill opening to the caudal base and 8 or 9 in a transverse series, but as nearly all the scales have fallen it is difficult to make out their exact number. Bleeker gives the longitudinal number as doubtfully 38; there are 5 spiny scutes between the pectorals and the ventrals. The depth 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI is 6.44, the head 4.46, the length of the anal base 6.44, the pec- toral 8.25 times in the length. The eye is 3.25, the snout 4.33, the least depth of the caudal peduncle about 3 times in the head. The body is slender, elongate, the snout blunt, projecting, the large mouth inferior, the maxillary truncate behind and extending no farther posteriorly than the weak mandible. The dorsal origin is midway between the snout and the caudal base. The origin of the anal is behind the posterior end of the dorsal. The forked caudal, said to be 5 in length, is damaged in my specimen. There are 27 flattened gill-rakers on the lower limb, with a double series of spines on the inner side. The scales are very deciduous. The color in alcohol is yellowish, the sides of the head glistening silver, and a broad silver band extending from the gill opening to the caudal base. Here described from a specimen, 58 mm. long, caught while fishing with electric light in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. This little anchovy, hitherto known only from the East Indies, is one more proof of the close biological relationship of the Fiji Islands fauna with that of the East Indies. Family ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla mauritiana Bennett. Anguilla mauritiana Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1831, p. 128; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 245, figs. 100 and 102. Muraena manillensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 10, pi. 188, fig. 2 Manila. The dorsal begins much in advance of the anus, the distance from the origin of the dorsal to the anus usually greater than the distance to the head; the length of the head is usually more than but may be equal to the distance from the gill openings to the dorsal origin; the tail exceeds the length of the head and trunk together. The maxillary teeth form a broad band, longitudinally divided by a toothless grove; the intermaxillary and vomerine teeth form a broad band separated from those of the maxillaries on either side by a concave toothless groove; the teeth of the mandibles are separated at the symphysis by a groove and those of each side of the lower jaw are divided lengthwise by a rather wide and toothless groove. In life this eel is usually grayish or yellowish brown, marbled with darker; the belly and throat are paler brown, or yellow, or 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 37 even white. The color above may be any shade from olive green mottled with dark brown to clay yellow clouded with darker. One specimen, 480 mm. long, was collected in a creek at Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas, and 2, 415 and 470 mm. long, were taken from the Papenoo River, Tahiti. To see a Tahitian put on diver's goggles, plunge into the rushing torrent of the Papenoo, locate an eel under some boulder, and emerge with it in his bare hands, or in a small, open dip net, is to behold an amazing and almost unbelievable feat. Family MYRIDAE Muraenichthys macropterus Bleeker. Muraenichthys macropterus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., 2, 1857, p. 91 Amboina; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 31, pi. 151, fig. 3; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 245; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 275; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 154; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 40. The depth is 23 to 30, the head 6.6 to 8, the tail 1.68 to 1.88 times in the length, the head and trunk 1.15 to 1.45 times in the tail. The eye is about twice in the snout. The mouth extends beyond the eye. The upper jaw extends noticeably beyond the lower. The teeth are in two rows in the jaws and on the vomer, sub- conical, those on the vomer larger and more granular. The dorsal origin is nearer to the gill opening than to the anus, its distance from the latter 1.2 to 1.5 more than the length of the head. The color in alcohol is pale yellowish to brownish. A specimen, 91 mm. long, was caught in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji, while fishing by electric light. Family OPHICHTHYIDAE Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett). Ophisurus semicinctus Lay and Bennett, in Beechey's Voy. Blossom, 1839, p. 66, pi. 20, fig. 4 Oahu(?). Leiuranus semicinctus Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 8, 1870, p. 54; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 294, fig. 137; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 163; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 44. The elongate body is cylindrical or nearly so, the depth from 46 to 60 times, the head 12 to 15 times in the length. The small eye is 1.5 to 2 times in the snout. The mouth is small with feeble 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI jaws, and extends to the posterior border of the eye. The dorsal begins over the small pectorals, which are twice as long as the eye. The low vertical fins do not extend to the tip of the tail. Alcoholic specimens are cream-colored to whitish brown, with from 21 to 35 broad dark brown or blackish bands, much wider than the interspaces. These bands may or may not meet below, but are usually continuous beneath on the tail. One specimen of this pretty little snake-like eel was taken at Nukulau Island, Fiji, its length 168 mm. Described from East Indian specimens. Achirophichthys kampeni (Weber and Beaufort). Brachysomophis (Achirophichthys) kampeni Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 316, figs. 150 and 151 Mbai River, New Guinea. Achirophichthys kampeni Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 24, 1924, p. 108. The depth is 24.4 times, the head 7.67 times in the length. The tail is 225 mm. long, the head 58 mm., and the trunk 162 mm. in length, the tail therefore a trifle more than 50 per cent of the total. The distance of the origin of the dorsal behind the gill opening is 4.7 times in the head. The head and trunk are cylindrical and robust, the jaws and snout weak and pointed. The lower jaw is much shorter than the upper, so that the intermaxillary teeth are before the mandible and overlap it when the jaws are closed. The mouth is large, reaching far behind the small eye, which is contained nearly 20 times in the head and about 2.5 times in the pointed snout. The dorsal and anal fins are both low and extend almost to the tip of the tail. In life the color is muddy olive above, yellow below the con- spicuous lateral line, which is marked by a row of circular yellow dots. The dorsal fin is like the back in color, the anal fin yellow like the belly. The color in alcohol is dark olive brown above, yellow below the lateral line. The type of this species, 323 mm. long, was collected near the mouth of the Mbai River, on the north coast of Dutch New Guinea. In 1922 I collected a second specimen, 395 mm. long, at Lamug, a hamlet on the Pinacanauan River, in the mountains of north- eastern Luzon, perhaps seventy-five miles from the sea. From the Papenoo River, Tahiti, about a kilometer from the sea, was ob- tained a third specimen a female, 445 mm. long, ready to spawn. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 39 This find enormously extends the range of this singular-appearing snake eel. It is doubtless common enough in many places. The people in the village where the specimen was obtained in north- eastern Luzon seemed well acquainted with it. If I could have remained in the locality a week instead of only a few hours a number of specimens would have been collected. Careful search in the mountain streams of all the large islands between Luzon and Tahiti would doubtless reveal the presence of numbers of this little-known eel. Caecula longipinne (Kner and Steindachner). Sphagebranchus longipinnis Kner and Steindachner, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 54, 1867, p. 390, fig. 14 Samoa. Dalophis longipinnis Jordan and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 194. Ophichthys longipinnis Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, 3, 1909-10, p. 404. Caecula longipinne Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 46. The depth is 40 times, the head 12 times in the length. The tail is a little longer than the head and trunk together. The snout is very flat and pointed. The origin of the dorsal is nearer to the tip of the snout than to the gill opening. The color is uniform brown, paler below, the under side of the head whitish. A young, slender specimen, 61 mm. long, was collected on the reef at Nukulau Island, Fiji. Older and larger specimens would not be so slender. Family MORINGUIDAE Aphthalmichthys abbreviatus Bleeker. Aphthalmichthys abbreviatus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., 1, 1863, p. 163 Prigi, Java; Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 17, pi. 145, fig. 1. In a specimen, 198 mm. long, the depth was 43.8 and the head 9.9 times in the length. The distance from the anus to the origin of the anal is one-fourth of the head. The color in life was coral red with a pearly luster; in alcohol it is brownish to pale whitish yellow. Another specimen, 235 mm. long, has the depth 48.95 times, the head 12.8 times in the length. This specimen has well-de- veloped pectorals, their length 5.4 times in the head. Of the many specimens from various East Indian localities that I have studied, this is the only one with the pectorals more than mere vestiges. 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI The color in alcohol is brown above, the caudal and snout pale; the under side, as far back as the origin of the anal, is bright silver. Both the above and a third specimen, 71 mm. long, were obtained from the tide pools at Nukulau Island, Fiji. This species strongly resembles some of the large parasitic nema- todes belonging to the genus Ascaris. Aphthalmichthys javanicus Kaup. Aphthalmichthys javanicus Kaup, Arch. Natur., 22, 1856, p. 68 Java; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 191; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 47. Moringua javanica Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 342. Two large specimens of this very slender, worm-like eel were obtained from a tide pool on the reef at Nukulau Island, Fiji. The length of one was 510 mm., depth 80, the head 17 times in the length. The other, 330 mm. long, has the depth 73, the head 13.5 times in the length. There is no trace of pectorals. The dorsal and anal are reduced to mere thread-like folds and are only slightly developed around the tip of the rather blunt tail. The head is small, weak, de- pressed, with relatively stout and projecting lower jaw. The mouth extends far behind the eyes which are very small, rudimentary, and covered with thick skin. The origin of the anal is almost the length of the head behind the anus. The color in life is clear red. In alcohol it is dark brownish red, the jaws, snout, and posterior sixth of the trunk pale yellowish brown. Two specimens, 128 and 210 mm. long, from Wala Island, New Hebrides, also belong here. They are both uniform pale yellow in alcohol. Family MURAENIDAE Echidna amblyodon (Bleeker). Muraena amblyodon Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-NeerL, 1, 1856, p. 72 Manado, Celebes. Echidna amblyodon Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 79, pi. 166, fig. 1; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 200, fig. 11. This little eel is separated from its congeners by its color and teeth. There are 5 rows of stout teeth on the intermaxillary plate, those of the middle row largest, the outer teeth smallest. The vomerine teeth are continuous with those of the intermaxillary plate; there is a double row of teeth on the maxillaries, those of 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 41 the inner row much the larger; the anterior half of the mandible has a double row of teeth on each side, the other half a single row. The color in alcohol is uniform brown, more or less marbled with darker, especially posteriorly, the throat and belly paler and sprinkled with darker brown spots; there is no white blotch at the angle of the mouth and no white spot on the upper lip. In E. delicatula the dorsal origin is three-quarters of the head length from the tip of the snout; in E. amblyodon the dorsal begins slightly before the gill openings. One specimen, 60 mm. long, was collected at Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas Group. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl). Muraena nebulosa Ahl, Dissert. Muraen. et Ophichth., 3, 1789, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 2 East Indies; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 8, 1870, p. 130; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 673, pi. 172, fig. 2. Echidna nebulosa Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 524; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 110, pi. 1; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 348, fig. 170; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1927, p. 197, pi. 10, fig. 3; Whitley, Records Austr. Mus., 16, 1927, p. 7; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 49. Muraena ophis Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 1828, p. 116, pi. 29, fig. 2. Muraena variegata Richardson, Zool., Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 1844-48, p. 94, pi. 47, figs. 1-5 and 11-16. Echidna variegata Sleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 80, pi. 168, fig. 2. The depth is 15 to 20, the head 9.5 to 10 times in the length. The head and trunk together equal the tail, or may be a trifle longer or shorter. The eye is 8 to 12 times in the head, 1.6 to 2.5 times in the snout, which is 5 to 6 times in the head. The maxillary teeth are very small, bluntly conical or granular, in one row. The inter- maxillary has 2 large blunt teeth in the middle, surrounded by about a dozen similar, often smaller teeth. On the vomer are 6 to 10 similar teeth in 2 parallel rows. The teeth in the lower jaw are in 2 rows, those of the inner row largest, the teeth at the symphysis largest of all. The color in alcohol is yellowish, brownish or whitish, with two rows of large irregular dendritic or stellate black blotches, each enclosing 1 to 3 white or yellow spots. The upper row is along the back and dorsal fin, the other on the lower half of the body. The spaces between the blotches are thickly strewn with fine dark lines and spots. 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI This eel is a savage biter, and is common in Polynesia and the East Indies, although we have few specimens. One, 255 mm. long, was taken at Tahiti; and one, 198 mm. long, at Wala Island, New Hebrides. Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker). Muraena brummeri Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 17, 1858-59, p. 137 Atapupu, Timor. Pseudechidna brummeri Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Dierk., 1, 1863, p. 272. In life this is an extraordinarily active and unusual looking, ribbon-like fish. The color is very pale yellowish gray and the eel is almost transparent, or at least translucent, so it seems ghost-like, a veritable wraith. The dorsal and anal are both very high ; anteriorly the dorsal equals or exceeds the depth of the body, but posteriorly it is more than half again the depth of the trunk below while the anal is equally high; both are perfectly transparent, each with a bluish white marginal line. As the eel darts about with incredible speed this marginal blue line seems to be floating in space since the transparent fin supporting it is invisible. This eel is of singular beauty in life. Unfortunately in alcohol it not only loses its unique beauty but is thickened and coarsened, while like many other Muraenidae it shrinks considerably in size. One specimen, 570 mm. long, was captured on the reef between Suva and Nukulau Island, Fiji. Gymnothorax boschi (Bleeker). Muraena boschi Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., 25, 1853, Muraen., p. 52; Weber and Beaufort, Fisbes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 386. Gymnothorax boschi Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 105, pi. 190, fig. 3; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 218. Gymnothorax monochrous Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 106, pi. 47, fig. 2. This eel is recognized by its uniform brown color, low dorsal less than half as high as the body, the maxillary teeth in one row, 3 long depressible canines in a row on the central line of the inter- maxillary plate, the head and trunk a little longer than the tail, and no dark patch over the gill openings. At Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas, a young moray, 60 mm. long, which agrees with East Indian specimens of this species, was collected. Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker. GymnotJiorax chilospilus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., Muraen., 4, 1864, p. 103, pi. 189, fig. 2 Benkulen; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 223, pi. 11, fig. 1. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 43 Gymnothorax sagenodeta Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., Muraen., 4, 1864, p. 100, pi. 184, fig. 4 (not of Richardson). Gymnothorax samalensis Seale, Phil. Journ. Sci., 4, Section A, 1909, p. 492. Muraena chilospilus Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 370, fig. 188. Depth 15 to over 19, head 7 to 8 in length. Tail a tenth longer than head and trunk together; eye circular, 8.6 to 9.6 in head, over middle of gape, 1.4 to 1.6 in the snout. Anal low, dorsal less than half the body depth. Dorsal origin slightly before the gill openings, which are much narrower than the eyes. In alcohol the color is brown, with wavy, anastomosing, more or less complete, dark brown crossbands, plainest on the tail and vertical fins, often absent, especially anteriorly. The belly and throat are paler, yellowish to grayish. The head is brown with a dark brown spot at the angle of the mouth and a large white spot on the lower jaw before the angle of the mouth. Sometimes there is a white streak on the upper jaw in front of the angle of the mouth. The pores on the jaws are in white spots. One specimen was collected on Eden Island, Galapagos, with a length of 150 mm. The description is from Philippine specimens. Gymnothorax efatensis Herre. Gymnothorax efatensis Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12, 1935, p. 384. Depth 15, head 8.68 in length. Eye 7.6, snout 6.33, gape 2.37 in head. Length of tail is half total. Eleven sharp, pointed teeth on premaxillary plate, the one at tip smaller than the others. Two depressible teeth, the first very small, on the middle line of the premaxillary. A double row of teeth on maxillary, the inner of rather small, slender, depressible teeth, the outer row minute, fixed. A double row of blunt, rounded teeth (8 pairs) on vomer. A row of 18 to 20 sharp, fixed, backward-pointing teeth on each side of lower jaw, also an inner row of 3, much larger, depressible teeth near tip. Gill openings ventral in position. Color in alcohol yellowish white, covered with minute irregular spots and markings of purplish brown so that the ground color is reduced to a reticulated maze of fine lines. Dorsal and anal paler. One specimen, taken from the stomach of a sea-snake at Vila, Efat4 Island, New Hebrides. Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch and Schneider. Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 525, pi. 105 Tranquebar; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 222, pi. 11, fig. 2. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Gymnothorax isingteena Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 92, pi. 181, fig. 1. Muraena tessellata Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 1844, p. 109, pi. 55, figs. 5-8. Gymnothorax tesselatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 93, pL 171, fig. 3; pi. 172, fig. 1. Gymnothorax favagineus Jordan and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 199. Muraena favaginea Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 378, fig. 187. Lycodontis favaginea Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 57. Depth 16 to 21; head 7.5 to 9 times in length; eye 10 to 12 times in head, twice in snout. The mouth is large, its gape 2.3 to 2.5 times in the head. The head and body are covered with large polygonal or rounded black spots, larger than the interspaces of the pale yellowish or whitish ground color, or the interspaces may be reduced to lines forming a network about the spots in the variety tesselatus. A specimen, 245 mm. long, was caught with a seine in a small river flowing into Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji, about 3 or 4 miles from salt water and above the influence of the tide. It is the G. tesselatus of Bleeker and is like the figure given under that name in his Atlas. A small specimen, 78 mm. long, was secured at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani. Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. Sc. Inst. Bonon., 4, 1840, p. 76 Brazil. Lycodontis funebris Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 396. A small specimen, 130 mm. long, of this moray was obtained at South Seymour Island, Galapagos Islands. The color is uniform, very dark brown. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl). Muraena picta Ahl, De Muraena et Ophichth., 3, 1789, p. 6, pi. 2, fig. 20 East Indies; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 672, pi. 172, fig. 4; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 362, figs. 175, 180, 182, 183. Gymnothorax pictus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, 87, pi. 170, figs. 3-4, pi. 172, fig. 3, pi. 173, fig. 1, pi. 189, fig. 3; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 103, pi. 19; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 208, fig. 12. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 45 Gymnothorax polyophthalmus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 96, pi. 174, fig. 3. Gymnothorax pictus, litus, and polyophthalmus Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), pp. 198, 199. As in many other morays the bodily proportions vary con- siderably with age, but except in the very young the teeth are distinctive, while the species may always be recognized from its color and markings. The vomerine teeth are in two short rows, the forward end more or less forked; on the intermaxillary plate is a single central tooth (rarely 2), not fang-like, and no larger than the 10 to 14 teeth in the outside row. The maxillary teeth are in one row except in the very young. In life the adult color is usually bluish gray or yellowish, flecked and speckled with innumerable small to minute purplish gray or brown specks, the fins like the body. In the very young the ground color is yellow, with 3 irregular rows of circular purplish or dark olive spots about as large as the eye; these soon develop a yellow center. As the fish grows larger the spots become irregular and the yellow center gets larger till the spots are broken up and the adult pattern develops. Many adult specimens retain more or less of the first color pattern and always have 3 rows of dark spots, or the spots become confluent and form ring-like figures. The color in alcohol is little different. Two fine typical specimens, 700 and 755 mm. in length, were taken at Cocos Island. At Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas, a very dark specimen, largely purplish black, its ground color mostly showing as whitish or yellow lines, was taken; its length is 300 mm. Two excellent young specimens, each 275 mm. long, were caught at Makatea Island, Tuamotu Archipelago. A specimen, only 46 mm. long, was collected at Maraa, Tahiti, and 6 beautiful specimens, 250 to 475 mm. in length, were obtained on the reefs about Nukulau Island, Fiji. Another specimen, 380 mm. long, and a very handsome representative of the youthful stage often described as G. polyoph- thalmus, 160 mm. long, were captured at Malo Island, New Hebrides. This handsome and easily recognized moray occurs from the east coast of Africa to the islands off the coast of Mexico and north to the Riu Kiu Islands. Gymnothorax richardsoni (Bleeker). Muraena richardsoni Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 3, 1852, p. 296 Wahai, Ceram. 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Gymnothorax richardsoni Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 100, pi. 186, fig. 2; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 226, pi. 11, fig. 4. Gymnothorax scoliodon Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 101, pi. 184, fig. 2. Gymnothorax ceramensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 101, pi. 177, fig. 3. Depth 12 to 21.1, head 5.75 to 8 times in the length. The tail approximately equals the head and trunk together. The eye is moderately large, 8 to 11.6 times in the head and 1.5 to 2 in the snout. The vomerine teeth are in one row in large old specimens, but in the young they are partially or usually completely biserial. The color is light grayish in life, everywhere with irregular dendritic, anastomosing purplish to brown marblings which may form more or less definite transverse bands, particularly on the tail. The belly and throat are paler, the markings much reduced or forming only spots and irregular marks. There is no dark patch at the angle of the mouth or around the gill openings. This handsome eel is very common and in many localities swarms in vast numbers about the coral sand beaches. It is of small or moderate size, perhaps always less than a meter in length. One specimen, 165 mm. long, was taken at Maraa, Tahiti; also 14 specimens from the tide pools of the Nukulau reefs, Fiji. They vary in length from 75 to 195 mm. The largest specimen, a gravid female, was taken from the stomach of a large lutianus. Gymnothorax undulatus (Lace"pede). Muraenophis undulata Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1803, pp. 125, 129, pi. 1, fig. 2. Gymnothorax undulatus Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 98, pi. 16; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 220, pi. 9, fig. 1. Muraena undulata Glinther, Fische der Sudsee, 3, 1909-10, p. 413, pis. 164, 165; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 376, fig. 186. Muraena cancellata Richardson, Zool., Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes, 1844- 48, p. 87, pi. 46, figs. 1-5. Gymnothorax isingleenoides Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 91, pi. 179, fig. 1, pi. 180, fig. 1. Gymnothorax bullatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 91, pi. 171, fig. 2, pi. 187, fig. 3. Gymnothorax cancellatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 93, pi. 176, fig. 3, pi. 177, fig. 2, pi. 183, fig. 1. Gymnothorax agassizi Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 95, pi. 185, fig. 2. Muraena fimbriata Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 670, pi. 172, fig. 1. The depth varies greatly, old specimens being more than twice the depth of the young. The head is 6.5 to 7.5 times in the length. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 47 The eye is 8.5 to 8.75, the snout 4 to 5.6, the gape 2 to 2.2 times in the head. My specimens are yellowish or bluish gray, densely covered with fine lines and spots of blackish, brown, or purplish brown, so the general effect is of a purplish brown or blackish network above, with the under side similar but paler on a whitish ground. The dorsal and anal usually have a more or less evident white border. Five specimens, from 80 to 172 mm. long, were taken on a reef near Suva, Viti Levu Island, and 2, 208 and 260 mm. long, at Nukulau Island; at Nukulau also one, 55 mm. long, which un- doubtedly is this species, was obtained. Its companion, 28 mm. long, cannot be determined. In the New Hebrides, 12 specimens, 98 to 188 mm. long, were collected in coral tide pools at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island; 3 specimens, 98 to 172 mm. in length, at Malo Island; and 4, 42 to 120 mm. long, at Wala Island. At Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands, a large specimen of a sea-snake, Laticauda sp., contained a specimen of this eel, 315 mm. long, the posterior third with the skin removed by digestion. This specimen was pale gray, with spots and dashes of black more or less arranged in transverse bands. I place here an eel, 127 mm. long, from a tide pool at South Seymour Island, Galapagos. It is dark brown in color, with 3 rows of ocellated spots, black-margined with white centers, on the body and similar spots on belly and dorsal. The fins are black. Uropterygius concolor Riippell. Uropterygius concolor Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 83, pi. 20, fig. 4 Massaua, Red Sea; Jordan and Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 28, 1905, p. 772; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 231; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 60, synonymy in part. Gymnomuraena concolor Giinther, Fische der Sudsee, 3, 1909-10, p. 426; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 395. Depth 18 to 33; head 7.1 to 10.3 times in length. The eye is twice in the heavy blunt snout. The cleft of the mouth is 3 in the head, and reaches far beyond the eye. The body is robust, smooth, finless, with thick leathery skin, compressed posteriorly, with a very small caudal at the tip of the tail. The dorsal and anal are merely vestigial, the dorsal origin twice the eye-diameter before the tip of the tail. The color is uniform dark chocolate brown. On the reefs at Tahiti 6 young specimens, from 90 to 110 mm. in length, were collected. I also refer here a specimen, only 37 mm. long, taken at Malo Island, New Hebrides. 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepede). Gymnomuraena marmorata LacSpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1803, pp. 132, 133 New Britain; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 3, 1916, p. 397, figs. 193, 194. Uropterygius marmoratus Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, 1903 (1905), p. Ill, fig. 33; Herre, Phil. Journ. Sci., 23, 1923, p. 232. Gymnomuraena pantherina Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 113, pi. 175, fig. 3. Gymnomuraena xanthopterus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 114, pi. 164, fig. 4. Gymnomuraena micropterus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 4, 1864, p. 115, pi. 164, fig. 2. Depth 14 to over 20, the head 8.1 to nearly 11 times in the length. The eye is 10 to 17, the snout 6 or 7 times, the mouth 2.7 to 3 times in the head. The head is very deep and heavy, the rounded snout more than twice the small eye which is a little nearer to the tip of the snout than to the angle of the mouth. The anterior nostrils are in conspicuous tubes, the posterior ones with a rim or short tube according to age. The teeth are in 3 rows in adult speci- mens, the outer row of very small, pointed, fixed teeth, the inner rows of much larger, long, depressible canines. The 2 outer rows of maxillary teeth are continued around the intermaxillary plate and enclose several larger depressible canines. The vomer has a short row of 7 or 8 tiny teeth in young specimens, but some large specimens have more numerous vomerine teeth in 2 rows anteriorly. The dorsal and anal are both entirely absent. A specimen, 620 mm. long, collected at Malo Island, New Hebrides, has the depth 19.6, the head 10.33 times in the length. The eye is 17, the snout 6.66, the gape 3 times in the head. Vomerine teeth in one row. The tail is a little shorter than the head and trunk together, 1.175 times in the head and trunk. The color in alcohol is pale yellowish, everywhere marbled and spotted with more or less anastomosing, dendritic purplish dark or blackish markings which are very numerous and coarser dorsally, finer and less numerous below. The specimen noted above is near U. macrocephalus, having the head and trunk longer than the tail, but the eye, length of head, and coloration are those of U. marmoratus. This specimen, which is near the maximum size for the species, closely resembles the figure of Bleeker's G. pantherina. Family BELONIDAE Tylosurus melanotus (Bleeker). Belone melanotus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 1850, p. 94 Batavia. Mastacembelus melanotus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 47. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 49 Mastacembelus choram Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, pi. 256, fig. 2. Tylosurus melanotus Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 127, fig. 47. Dorsal II, 22; anal II, 19; pectoral I, 13 or 14. There are 340 to 360 scales in a median lateral series, 295 predorsal scales, and 20 rows of scales across the preopercle. The lateral line has about 260 scales, with 22 or more scales above it in a transverse series to the origin of the dorsal. There is a small patch of scales on the opercle. The breadth of the elongate, compressed body is 1.2 times in the depth, which is 12.7 to 13.5 times in the length. The broad head is flattened above and on the sides, 3.08 to 3.15 times in the length. The eye is 9.5 times in the head, 2.4 times in the postorbital region, 1.6 times in the interorbital space, 5.5 or 5.6 times in the beak. The dorsal begins in advance of the anal, which is beneath the first dorsal ray. The lateral line forms an elevated blackish keel on the caudal peduncle to the end of the caudal. The tongue is smooth. The canines are all perpendicular. Two specimens were collected in Papeete, Tahiti, each 790 mm. in length. While they lack the granular teeth of the tongue, and differ from typical melanotus in several other respects, I cannot place them elsewhere and do not feel justified in calling them new. Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hemiramphus dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes. Hemirhamphus erythrorinchus var. LeSueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2, 1821, p. 138 near Timor, Mauritius. Hemiramphus dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 33, pi. 520. Hemirhamphus dussumieri Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 56, pi. 253, fig. 3; Giinther, Fische der Slidsee, 3, 1909-10, p. 354; Kendall and Golds- borough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 251; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 155. Hemiramphus erythrorinchus Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 77. Dorsal II, 12 to 14; anal II, 12. There are 54 scales in the lateral line in my specimens and 37 or 38 predorsal scales. The depth is 8.7 to 10, the head 4.2 to 4.3, the head including the long lower beak 2.14 times, the deeply forked caudal 4 to 4.5 times in the length. The eye is 3.35 to 3.6, the broad, triangular snout 2.9 to 3, the interorbital 3.6 to 3.85 times in the head. The snout is wider than long. The pectoral is 1.5 to 1.9 times in the head. The lower caudal 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI lobe is much the longer. The scales are very loosely attached and many have fallen off. The color in alcohol is yellowish, each scale of the dorsal region with a dark brown or blackish spot, and a conspicuous black stripe from the pectoral axil to the middle of the caudal base. There is a black stripe along the middle of the back, and on each side of it a black line. The opercle is black within, this showing as a blackish patch at the surface. The fins are all pale. In life the lateral band is bright silver, with a black marginal line above. Here described from 12 specimens, 86 to 126 mm. long, from the reef at Nukulau Island, Fiji. A specimen, 116 mm. long, was caught in the Mbureta River, Ovalau Island, Fiji. A specimen, 94 mm. long, was taken at Tulagi, Solomon Islands. Hemiramphus far (Forskl). Esox far Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 67 Lohaja, Red Sea. Hemiramphus far Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 74; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 252; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 77; Day, Fishes India, 1878- 88, p. 516, pi. 120, fig. 3; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 156, fig. 55. Dorsal II, 11 or 12; anal I, 9 to 11; there are 50 to 52 scales in the lateral line, and 32 to 34 from the dorsal to the head. The depth is 3.8, the head 4.3 times in the length. The eye is 4.3, the interorbital 3, and the snout 2.8 times in the head. The lower jaw has the tip broken in my specimen, but the head with the lower jaw included is 2.3 to 2.4 times in the length. The triangular upper jaw is broader than long. The body is compressed but stout and bulky, its breadth contained 1.35 times in its depth. The origin of the anal is below the fifth dorsal ray. The caudal is deeply forked, the lower lobe the larger. In life the color is dark sea-green above, the sides silvery and almost translucent, with 4 to 9 large black spots along the side, and a conspicuous silver band from the shoulder to the middle of the caudal base. In alcohol the color is yellowish, the back dark, each scale with a large blackish brown spot and a blackish line along the middle of the back. A broad blackish silvery band extends from the angle of the opercle to the middle of the caudal base, bordered above by a blue black stripe, best developed anteriorly. Partly above and partly upon the lateral band is a row of large black blotches, 5 in my specimen. The beak and upper jaw are black. The dorsal is blackish, the caudal dusky, the other fins pale. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 51 One specimen, 305 mm. long, was taken at Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji, and one, 280 mm. long, at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani). Hemirhamphus unifasciatus Ranzani, Novi Comment. Ac. Sci. Inst. Bonon., 5, 1842, p. 326 Brazil. Hyporhamphus unifasciatus Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 720, pi. 96, fig. 311; Meek and Hildebrand, Marine Fishes Panama, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 15, 1923, p. 237, pi. 16, fig. 1. Dorsal 13 to 16; anal 15 to 17; scales 52 to 59. The body is elon- gate, compressed, the depth 6.3 to 9.8, the head 4.5 to 5 times in the length. Young specimens are very slender, adults comparatively bulky. The mandible is much longer proportionately in the young, 3.5 to 5.75 in the length. The eye is 3.6 to 4.3, the snout 2.5 to 3 times in the head. The lower lobe of the forked caudal is much the larger. The color in life is bright silvery, the dorsal and caudal dusky, the back green with dusky scale margins and 3 lines down the middle, the top of the head and mandible blackish, the beak with a red tip. In alcohol the back is brownish yellow, with black scale margins, the sides paler to white; a broad silver band extends from shoulder to caudal base, widest posteriorly, margined above by a dark line. The sides of the head are bright silver. The lines on the back and fins are as in life. This widely distributed half-beak is very abundant on sandy beaches in the Galapagos Islands; at Turtle Bay, Albemarle Island, large schools were seen and it was very plentiful at Charles and South Seymour Islands. We have 22 specimens, 123 to 190 mm. in length, from Charles Island. The largest specimen, taken January 15, 1929, was a female ready to spawn; its extreme length, including beak and caudal fin, was 273 mm. At South Seymour Island we collected 23 specimens, 47 to 85 mm. in length, and 10 specimens, 130 to 167 mm. long. While fishing by electric light at Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 100 tiny, slender specimens, from 20 to 32 mm. in length, were captured. Only the very largest of these were typically colored. The rest were more or less blackish to lead-colored, with a silvery sheen over all. Zenarchopterus dispar (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Hemirhamphus dispar Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 58, pi. 524 Madagascar, Java; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 517, pi. 119, fig. 5. 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Zenarchopterus dispar Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 63, pi. 253, fig. 4; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 252; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 169, fig. 58; Mohr, Zool. Jahrb., 52, 1926, p. 254, fig. 16. Dorsal III, 8; anal II, 8. There are 41 to 43 scales in the lateral line and 36 to 38 scales from the dorsal to the tip of the snout. The depth is 6.25 to 7.15, the head 3.7 to 4 times in the length, measured from the tip of the upper jaw to the caudal base. Including the lower jaw, the head is 1.5 to 1.6 times in the length from the tip of the snout to the caudal base, or 2 to 2.2 times in the extreme length. The eye is 4.15 to 4.3, the snout about 2.75, the interorbital 3.4 to 3.5 times in the head. The dorsal is uniform in females, but males have the fourth ray elongated and thickened or the fourth and fifth elongated (really the first and second divided rays). In males the sixth anal ray (fourth divided ray) is greatly lengthened and widened, twice or thrice as long as the preceding one. The seventh ray is as long as or longer than the sixth and is also very wide but not as much so as the sixth. When depressed these rays may extend to the middle of the caudal or beyond. The caudal is obtusely rounded. The color in alcohol is dark brown or olive brown above, the sides paler, brownish gray to white beneath, with a narrow black stripe from the upper angle of the pectoral to the middle of the caudal base, widest beneath the dorsal. The fins are more or less dusky to brownish gray. The beak is black, the iris silvery, the pupil white. Described from the following: 21 males, 68 to 116 mm. in length, from the Mbureta River, Ovalau Island, Fiji, and 12 females, from 70 to 91 mm. long, the females much slenderer than the males. One male specimen, 79 mm. long, was obtained from a small river flowing into Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. A male specimen, 121 mm. long, was also collected from a small creek at Auki, Malaita Island, in the Solomons. Zenarchopterus kampeni M. Weber. Hemiramphus (Zenarchopterus) Kampeni M. Weber, Nova Guinea, 9, 1913, p. 554. Zenarchopterus kampeni Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 167; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 78. Zenarchopterus kampenii Mohr, Zool. Jahrb. Jena, 52, 1926, p. 248, figs. 13-14; Duncker and Mohr, Mittheil. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, 42, 1926, p. 127. Dorsal I, 9 or 10; anal I, 9; pectoral I, 8. There are 47 to 50 scales in the lateral line from the anterior end under the throat back to the caudal base, and 5 scales above the line to the dorsal 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 53 origin. There are 38 scales in a longitudinal series from the angle of the gill opening to the caudal base. There are 28 scales from the dorsal origin to the interorbital, 3 or sometimes 4 of them, lying above the middle of the pectoral, greatly enlarged. The body is elongate, compressed, broad, the width about 1.5 times in the depth. Depth 6.85 to 7.66, the head 3.5 to 3.75, the caudal 4.66 to 5, the pectoral 5.25 to 5.75 times in the length from the tip of the upper jaw to the caudal base. The eye is 3.7 to 4, the snout 2.65 to 3, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.25 to 4 times in the head. The beak is elongate, slender, the head with the lower jaw 2 to 2.1 times in the total from its extremity to the caudal base. The head proper, without the beak, is 2.6 to 2.75 times in the trunk; the triangular part of the upper jaw is about as long as broad, and covered with scales above; the basal half of the long beak is corrugated on each side, as if scaled; the minute teeth are in bands of 5 rows in each jaw. The fourth dorsal ray is thickened and elongate, the fifth ray sometimes elongate. The anal origin is beneath the third dorsal ray. In males the sixth anal ray is greatly enlarged in length and thickness, sometimes extending to the middle of the caudal. The seventh ray is much less enlarged than the sixth. Sometimes the fifth ray is also enlarged, but the sixth and seventh are always much larger than the rest. The caudal is somewhat obliquely truncate, the lower part the longer, the margin erose. The color in alcohol is olive brown above, each scale with a dark margin, the sides brown or dusky brown, the under side yellow- ish, the throat white. A silvery lateral stripe extends from the angle of the opercle to the caudal base, often only evident on the posterior half where it is much broader than forward, bordered above by a black stripe nearly as wide as the silver stripe. The sides of the head and basal portion of the elongate beak are bright silver. There is a dusky blotch on the caudal base. The dorsal and caudal are more or less specked with dusky, the other fins colorless. Described from 10 specimens, 65 to 96 mm. in length, collected at Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Hitherto this half-beak has been known only from the Sepik River, New Guinea. Family EXOCOETIDAE Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus. Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 316 high seas of Europe and America; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 22, 1902 (1903), 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI p. 435; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 177, fig. 62; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 80, fig. 16. Exocoetus evolans Bloch, Ichtyologie, 12, 1797, p. 9, pi. 398; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 69. Dorsal I or II, 12 to 14; anal I or II, 11 to 14; there are 40 to 42 scales in the lateral line, plus 5 more on the caudal base, 6 above and 2 below the line. The body is compressed, with the front of the head bluntly conical. The depth is 5.2, the head 3.9, the caudal 3, and the pectoral 1.3 times in the length. The eye is 3.6, the snout 4.7, the interorbital 3.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.75, and the ventral 2 times in the head. The caudal is deeply forked, the lower lobe much the longer. The origin of the ventrals is much nearer to the tip of the snout than to the caudal base. The pectoral extends to the caudal base. The color in alcohol is brown to brownish blue above, silvery on the sides and white beneath. The pectoral is bluish dusky or brown with a broad white posterior and lower margin and often with a white upper margin. The other fins are pale. A fine example, 167 mm. long, flew aboard the Illyria between the Galapagos and the Marquesas Islands, in Long. 112 W., Lat. 5 6' S. An excellent specimen, 168 mm. long, came aboard northeast of Raratonga; another, 147 mm. long, when the Illyria was about one hundred miles west of Raratonga; and about one hundred and fifty miles west of Viti Levu Island, Fiji, a specimen, 140 mm. long, flew upon the deck. Cypselurus altipennis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Exocoetus altipennis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 109, pi. 560 seas of India, Cape of Good Hope. Exocoetus altipinnis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, pi. 247, fig. 1; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 807. Cypsilurus altipennis Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 186. Cypselurus altipennis Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 82. Exocoetus katopron Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1868-72, p. 72; Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 211, fig. 16. Dorsal I, 12; anal I, 8; there are 46 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 more on the caudal base, 8 above and 3 below the line. There are 30 predorsal scales. The body is flattened along the sides, not constricted below, its breadth nearly equal to the depth, which is 6.8 times in the length. The head is 4, the pectoral 1.45, the caudal 3.3 times in the length. The pectoral reaches almost to the caudal 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 55 base, and the ventrals equal the head. The eye is 3, the blunt snout 3.8, the interorbital 3.2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.75 times in the head. The lower lobe of the deeply forked caudal is much the longer. The color in alcohol is bluish black above, becoming brownish on the side and white lower down and beneath. The pectoral is blackish above, with a central oblique broad clear band centrally, the outer third black with a marginal white edge. The caudal is blackish, the dorsal pale, the anal white. The ventral is whitish, with the two median rays brownish gray. A specimen, 165 mm. long, was caught with the aid of a sub- marine light at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Cypselurus rondeletii (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Exocoetus rondeletii Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 84, pi. 562 Naples, Sicily, Canaries. Cypselurus rondeletii Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 81. Dorsal I, 10; anal I, 10; there are 40 to 43 scales in a longi- tudinal series to the caudal base and 3 more on the latter, 5 scales above the line to the dorsal origin. Both the first and second pectoral rays are undivided. The undivided first and second pectoral rays distinguish this species at once from all other flying fishes. In alcohol the dorsal region is dusky, the sides and under side bright silver, the pectorals and ventral black. Four specimens, 22 to 25 mm. in length, were caught by the aid of electric light in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Cypselurus spilopterus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Exocoetus spilopterus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 19, 1846, p. 113 Oualan, Caroline Islands; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 74, pi. 250, fig. 2. Cypsilurus spilopterus Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 187. Cypselurus spilopterus Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 83. Exocoetus poecilopterus (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes) Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 518, pi. 120, fig. 4. Dorsal 12; anal 10. There are 52 scales in the lateral line, 8 above and 3 below it. There are 31 predorsal scales. Depth 5.47, head 4.1, caudal about 2.75, ventral 3.15, and pectoral 1.44 times in the length. The large eye is 3.1, the interorbital 2.7 times in the head, the snout nearly equal to the eye. The minute simple teeth are in few rows. The anal origin is opposite the sixth dorsal 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI ray. The pectoral reaches to the tip of the depressed dorsal, and the elongate ventral extends nearly as far. The caudal is deeply forked, the lower lobe very large. In alcohol the color is dark purplish brown above, the lower half silvery white. The pectorals are bluish dusky above, the lower third and posterior margin whitish or colorless, the rays glistening silvery, a white or colorless transverse band extending from the lower margin upward about halfway in the middle of the fin, and with flattened elliptical black spots sparingly and irregularly disposed in transverse bands on the posterior half, the anterior rows not descending more than two-thirds across. The caudal is dull bluish brown, the dorsal darkened slightly, the anal white. Here described from a specimen, 230 mm. long, caught at sea between Makatea and Tahiti. Family BREGMACEROTIDAE Bregmaceros atripinnis (Tickell). Asthenurus atripinnis Tickell, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 34, 1865, p. 32, pi. 1 India. Bregmaceros atripinnis Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 522; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 418, pi. 91, fig. 1. Dorsal 1-20, XV, 22; anal 22, X, 26. The color in alcohol is brown, with black dots on top of the head and along the dorsal region, most numerous posteriorly on the caudal peduncle; a row of black dots also along the upper part of the abdomen; the fins are all brown. Day states that the very young have no black on the fins. This species differs markedly from B. mcclellandi in having an air bladder. While fishing by electric light in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji, a specimen, 16 mm. long, was captured which I refer here rather than to B. mcclellandi. Bregmaceros mcclellandi Thompson. Bregmaceros Mcclellandi Thompson, Charlesworth Mag. Nat. Hist., 4, 1840, p. 184, fig. brackish water of Gangetic Delta; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 4, 1862, p. 368; Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 418; Weber, Siboga Exp., Fische, 1913, p. 174. Dorsal 1-16, X, 15; anal 22, X, 20. The first dorsal ray is on top of the head and a little longer than the head. The median dorsal and anal rays are very short. There is no air bladder. The color in alcohol is uniform olive brown. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 57 A young specimen, 14 mm. long, was taken while we were fishing by electric light in Suva Harbor. Family BOTHIDAE Platophrys constellatus Jordan. Platophrys constellatus Jordan in Jordan and Goss, Report U. S. Fish Comm., 14, 1886 (1889), p. 266 James Island, Galapagos Archipelago; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 3, 1898, p. 2663; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6, 1905, p. 422. A young specimen, 66 min. long, was collected at Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos. Platophrys rnancus (Broussonet). Pleuronectes mancus Broussonet, Ichthy., 1782, pis. 3, 4 Ulietea. Platophrys mancus Smith and Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, 1882, p. 142; Jordan and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 412; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 331. Rhomboidichthys mancus Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 3, 1909-10, p. 342. Dorsal 98 to 100; anal 78 to 80; scales in lateral line 90 to 95. The depth is 1.94, the head 3.44 times in the length. The eye is 6.4, the snout 3.85, the interorbital 2.65, the caudal 1.5 times in the head. The dorsal and ventral profiles are evenly convex, except for the concave snout and notch above the mouth. The posterior border of the lower eye is in advance of the anterior border of the upper eye. The mouth is curved, very oblique, the maxillary ex- tending beneath the anterior margin of the eye. There is a stout sharp horn or spine on the snout, growing from the upper end of the maxillary. The dorsal origin is on the blind side of the snout. The left pectoral is very elongate, with thread-like rays, some of them equal to the depth of the body. The right pectoral is about twice in the head. The color in alcohol is light brown, with many large pale ocelli bordered by much darker brown, and numerous small dark brown spots interspersed between the ocelli. There are 2 very large blackish blotches on the lateral line, and a row of 4 black blotches about as large as the eye near the dorsal outline and a similar one near the ventral profile. The dorsal, anal, and caudal are blackish brown, the left pectoral black. The under side is thickly strewn with small brown spots. Here described from a specimen, 310 mm. long, collected at Takaroa, Tuamotu Islands. 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Platophrys pantherinus (Riippell). Rhombus pantherinus Riippell, Atlas Reise Nord. Africa, Fische, 1828, p. 121, pi. 3, fig. 1 Red Sea. Rhomboidichthys pantherinus Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 4, 1862, p. 436. Platophrys pantherinus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 11, pi. 233, fig. 3; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 425, pi. 92, figs. 3 and 4; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 512; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 332; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 91. Passer marchionessarum Valenciennes, Voy. Venus, Poiss., p. 344, 1855, pi. 9, 1846. Dorsal 85 to 92; anal 65 to 70; there are 85 scales in the lateral line, plus 5 more on the caudal base. The depth of the elongate and much flattened body is 1.7 to 1.9, the head 3.4 to 3.8 times in the length. The eye is 3.85 to 4.7, the least depth of the caudal peduncle about 2.55, the caudal about 1.25 to 1.66 times in the head. The pectoral varies greatly, in females being small, about 1.5 times in the head; in males the upper rays become enormously elon- gated, extending beyond the caudal fin, about 1.16 times in the total length. The eyes are one-half to nearly a whole diameter apart, the lower eye half a diameter in advance of the upper one. There is a bony rim before and above the lower eye, and often one below the upper eye, which may have a small spine in front of it. In males each eye has a barbel on its posterior part. The color in alcohol is brown to purplish brown above, with a row of 3 large circular dark brown spots along the lateral line, a dozen or more similar dark spots about half as large scattered about, and very many small flecks and spots of dark brown arranged in open circles over the intervening spaces. The fins are marked by dark brown spots. The under side is uniformly pale yellowish. Here described from 3 specimens, 30, 110, and 170 mm. in length, the last a male, taken on a reef near Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Family CYNOGLOSSIDAE Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch). Pleuronedes bilineatus Bloch, Ichtyologie, 6, 1788, p. 21, pi. 188 China Sea and East Indies. Plagusia bilineata Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 21, 1871, p. 573. Paraplagusia bilineata Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 183, figs. 50 and 51. Plagusia marmorata Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 6, 1866-72, p. 28, pi. 246, fig. 5; Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, 3, 1909-10, p. 348. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 59 Dorsal 98 (96 to 118); anal 88 (75 to 90); there are about 90 tubulated scales in the central lateral line, plus about 15 on the caudal. Depth 3.9 (3.6-3.9), head 4.15 (3.9-4.3), caudal 8.16 times in the length. The eyes are very small, 8.3 (10 or more) times in the head. The body is lanceolate, the eyes on the left side, the front margin of the lower eye below the middle of the upper eye. The eyes are about half the diameter of an eye apart. The strongly hooked mouth extends below the hind part of the lower eye, the lips, especially the lower one, with a row of long fringed tentacles. There are 2 lateral lines on the colored side, 18 scales apart. The color in alcohol is dark gray, spotted and freckled with large and small irregular whitish blotches and spots. The right side is pinkish white. Some alcoholic specimens are plain brown. Here described from a specimen, 49 mm. long, collected at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. This species has been called marmorata by most authors, but Klunzinger discovered that Bloch's specimen was really bilineatus. Family HOLOCENTRIDAE Holocentrus ruber (Forskal). Stiaena rubra Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 48. Holocentrus ruber Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 1828, p. 83, pi. 22, fig. 1; Jordan and Richardson, Bull. Bur. Fish., 27, 1907 (1908), p. 248. Holocentrum rubrum Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 357, fig. 4; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 244. Holocentrus praslin Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 225, fig. 26. Dorsal XI, 12 to 13; anal IV, 8 to 10; there are 33 scales in the lateral line, plus 5 more on the caudal base, 3 above and 7 below it. The depth is 2.6 to 2.8, the head 2.9 to 3 times in the length. The eye is 2.4 to 2.7, the snout 5, and the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.75 times in the head. The lower jaw is slightly included, and the maxillary extends to the middle of the eye. The spine on the preopercle is about twice in the eye. The upper opercular spine is larger than the lower. The third to fifth dorsal spines are longest, 1.9 to 2 times, the third anal spine 1.4 times in the head. The color of a specimen in alcohol, 86 mm. long, from Wala Island, New Hebrides, the H. praslin of authors, is dark reddish brown with 6 blackish horizontal bands along the sides and 1 or 2 indistinct bands on the lower part of the side, the nape and interorbital black also. The spinous dorsal has a broad black sub- 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI marginal band as shown in Jordan's excellent figure. The membrane between the second and third anal spines is black and the upper and lower caudal margins are black, the outer ventral ray brownish black, all the fins otherwise white or colorless. Another specimen, 29 mm. long, from the same locality, is banded longitudinally with alternate blackish brown and pearly white stripes. Holocentrus cornutus Bleeker. Holocentrum cornutum Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 5, 1853, p. 240 Ceram; Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 45; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 359, fig. 5; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 241, fig. 68. Holocentrus cornutus Evermann and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906, p. 60. Dorsal XI-I, 11 or 12; anal IV, 9; there are 35 or 36 scales in the lateral line, 3 above and 7 below it. The head and depth are equal, 2.85 to 2.9 times, the caudal 4.16 to 4.25, the pectoral 4.3 to 4.4, the third anal spine 3.6 to 3.9 times in the length. The prominent eye is 2.6 to 2.9, the pointed snout 4.35 to 4.5, the inter- orbital 4.6 to 4.8 times in the head. The least depth of the caudal peduncle equals the preopercular spine, 3.6 to 3.7 times in the head. The jaws are equal, the opercular bones strongly denticulated, the opercle with 2 flat spines, the upper one longer and stouter than the other. The color in alcohol is yellowish, with silvery whitish longi- tudinal stripes, the interspaces above the level of the eye dark violet brown longitudinal bands. At the caudal base is a black spot as large as the pupil. Each dorsal spine has a white stripe behind it, the rest of the membrane chocolate brown with a sub- marginal brown stripe, the tips of the spines colorless. A black basal blotch is present below the soft dorsal and there are traces of one at the base of the anal rays. The membrane between the third and fourth anal spines is brownish black on the outer half; the upper and lower caudal margins are dusky. The remaining fins are yellowish. Three specimens, 101 to 106 mm. long, were collected at Teni- buli, Ysabel Island, Solomons. Holocentrus suborbitalis Gill. Holocentrum suborbitale Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 86 Cape San Lucas. Dorsal XI-I, 13; anal IV, 8; there are 36 scales in the lateral line, 3 above and 8 or 9 below it. The body is oblong, the depth 2.45, the head nearly 3 times in the length. The large eye is 2.6 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 61 times in the head, nearly twice the short, steep snout, which is contained 4.8 times. The interorbital is much narrower than the eye, 3.6 times in the head. The mouth is rather small, nearly horizontal, the posterior end of the maxillary beneath the pupil. The pointed pectoral is a third, the caudal a fifth shorter than the head. The color in alcohol is steel gray, sprinkled with dark brown circular dots, several on each scale. There is a bright silver stripe beginning on the snout and curving along the orbital margin beneath and behind the eye, ending opposite the middle of the pupil. There is a narrow silver streak on the posterior edge of the preopercle and extending upon the preopercular spine. The opercle and cheeks are more or less coppery. Where the scales overlap, longitudinal dusky lines are formed, these plainest on the upper half. There is a dusky spot on the upper part of the eye. The spinous dorsal has a basal series of rounded white spots, then a broad violet gray band, a marginal series of vertically elongated white spots, and a fine blackish marginal line. The soft dorsal is more or less dusky, the other fins all pale. Two specimens were collected at Cocos Island, 85 and 88 mm. in length. Holocentrus violaceus Bleeker. Holocentrum violaceum Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 5, 1853, p. 335 Amboina; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 43; Kner, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 57, 1868, p. 296; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 355, fig. 2; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 246. Holocentrw violaceus Jordan and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 223. Dorsal XI-I, 13; anal IV, 9; there are 36 scales in the lateral line, 3 above and 6 below it. Depth 2.5, head 2.75 times in the length. The prominent eye is 3, the snout 3.36, the interorbital 5.6, the preopercular spine 4.2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 4.2, the forked caudal 1.6, the pectoral 1.4, the third anal spine 1.7 times in the head. There are 2 flat opercular spines, the lower one the smaller. In life the general color was reddish dusky with a vertical violet bar on each scale, these bars forming longitudinal stripes, with a violet silver luster over all; at the upper end of the opercular margin was a black bar with a small pearl white spot above it; on the back of the caudal peduncle was a pink spot. The color in alcohol is yellowish brown with a dark reddish brown vertical bar on each 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI scale, these bars forming longitudinal stripes. Each scale on the side of the head has a reddish brown spot. There is a black bar on the opercle at its upper posterior margin and a small black spot at the pectoral axil. The dorsal is reddish dusky, with pale submarginal markings, the other fins pale. Described from a specimen, 116 mm. long, taken at Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Four specimens were taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands, 99 to 120 mm. in length; scales in the lateral line 34 or 35. In color they exactly resemble Bleeker's figure cited above. In alcohol the ground color is violet brown, darker above and paler below, each scale with a white or bluish or violet vertical bar. There is a bright silver spot in the axil of the soft dorsal on top of the caudal peduncle, and a black bar at the upper angle of the opercle. The spinous dorsal is nearly colorless to dull violaceous, the margin darker with a sub- marginal whitish streak. Another specimen, 122 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, is very dark violaceous brown all over, with no trace of paler or whitish vertical bars when removed from alcohol; they show faintly while immersed in fluid. The black opercular bar is present and the axillary spot on top of the caudal peduncle is very faint. Holocentrus opercularis Cuvier and Valenciennes. Holocentrum operculare Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1831, p. 501 New Ireland; Gunther, Fische der Sxidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 100, pi. 66, fig. A; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 232. Holocentrus opercularis Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 227; Kendall and Radcliffe, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 35, 1912, p. 95; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 105. Dorsal X-I, 12; anal IV, 9; there are 39 scales in the lateral line, 3 above and 7 below it. The depth is 3, the head 2.66, the caudal 4.33, and the third anal spine 4 times in the length; the eye and snout are equal, 2.8 times, the interorbital 4.33 times in the head; the chin is strongly projecting. The color in alcohol is pale reddish above, the sides gradually lighter, the under parts yellowish white, with a bright silvery luster over all. The spinous dorsal is black, with the spines white-tipped and a conspicuous sub-basal white band, below which is a row of brown spots. The soft dorsal has a dark line on its upper margin and there is a dark stripe between the third and fourth anal spines. The fins are otherwise yellowish white. There is a blackish spot on the upper margin of the eye; the iris is golden. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 63 Here described from a typical specimen, 104 mm. long, collected on the reef at Maraa, Tahiti. Holocentrus tiereoides Bleeker. Holocentrum tiereoides Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 5, 1853, p. 334; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 358, fig. 1; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo- Austr., 5, 1929, p. 249. Holocentrus tiereoides Bryan and Herre, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 2, 1902 (1903), p. 128; Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 20; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 265; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 100. Dorsal XI-I, 13 or 14; anal IV, 9; there are 39 or 40 scales in the lateral line, plus 2 or 3 more on the caudal base, 3 above and 7 below it. The body is oblong, with steeply inclined and nearly straight anterior profile, pointed snout, the jaws even or the lower slightly projecting. The depth is 2.4 to 2.6, the head 2.7 to 2.85, the third anal spine 4, the caudal 3.6 to 3.8 times in the length. The eye is 3 to 3.25, the snout 3.7 to 3.85, the interorbital 4.6 to 5 times in the head. The rays of the soft dorsal and anal are elongate and pointed anteriorly, the caudal deeply forked. The strong pre- opercular spine is 0.7 to 0.9 of the eye. The color in alcohol is dark purplish brown, paler beneath, and becoming very pale yellowish on the caudal peduncle. There is a dark longitudinal band on each row of scales, posteriorly more or less orange between the soft dorsal and anal. The fins are all very pale yellowish, without markings. Here described from 2 specimens from the reef at Maraa, Tahiti, 106 and 147 mm. in length. A specimen, 89 mm. long, was taken at Malo Island, New Hebrides. Holocentrus rubellio Seale. Holocentrus rubellio Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 22, fig. 5 Tahiti. Dorsal XI-I, 14; anal IV, 9; there are 40 scales in the lateral line, 4 above and 7 below it. The depth is 2.6, the head 2.9 times in the length. The eye is 3 times in the head. The short, pointed snout is 0.8 of the eye. The color in life was bright pink, the vertical fins and caudal like the body. In alcohol the sides are somewhat dusky, with 9 pale yellow longitudinal bands, whitish yellow below, and behind a line from the origin of the second dorsal to the origin of the anal. The fins are all yellowish white. Neither when fresh nor preserved is there a white or silvery spot on top of the caudal peduncle behind 64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI the dorsal, as there is in Holocentrus caudimaculatus Riippell, with which Fowler has placed this species. One specimen, 133 mm. long, was collected at the island of Moorea. Holocentrus laevis Giinther. Holocentrum laeve Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 47 Louisade Archipelago, Guadalcanal 1 , Solomon Islands, Amboina; Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 101, pi. 65, fig. B. Holocentrus laevis Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 226; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 101, fig. 20. Holocentrum goldiei Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 7, 1882, p. 352. Holocentrum novae-brittaniae De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 8, 1884, p. 447. Flammeo achromopterus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 236, fig. 6. Dorsal X-1, 11; anal IV, 7; there are 39 to 41 scales in the lateral line, plus 2 on the caudal base, 3 above and 7 below it. The body is elongate, slender, the chin projecting a little, the depth 3.2 to 3.4 times, the head 3 times, the third anal spine 4.4 to 4.8 times in the length. The eye is 2.85 to 2.9, the snout 3.67 to 4, and the interorbital 4 times in the head. The deeply forked caudal is three- fourths of the length of the head. The color in alcohol is brilliant grayish silver, with a roseate flush dorsally, and opalescent and pearly reflections everywhere. The scales on the cheeks are marked with indistinct dark spots. The fins are all very pale yellowish, the caudal with its upper and lower margins darkened, as are also the tips of the dorsal spines and the anterior margin of the soft dorsal. The iris is very pale golden with a roseate flush. Here described from 2 specimens from the reef at Maraa, Tahiti, their lengths 120 and 144 mm. Eight fine specimens were taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands, their lengths from 120 to 148 mm. Holocentrus unipunctatus Giinther. Holocentrum unipunctatum Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 95, pi. 65, fig. A Solomon Islands, Tonga; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 98. Dorsal XI-I, 12; anal IV, 9; there are 41 to 43 scales in the lateral line, plus 1 or 2 more on the caudal base, 4 above and 8 or 9 below it; predorsal scales 6. The depth equals the head, 2.8 times 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 65 in the length. The eye is 2.8, the snout 3.3, the interorbital 5.5, the maxillary 2.44, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 4.12 times in the head. The third and fifth dorsal spines are longest, 2.44 times in the head. The third anal spine is very large, 1.57 times in the head or 4.38 times in the length. The deeply forked caudal, the pectoral, and the ventral are of equal length, 3.83 times in the total length. The maxillary hardly extends back below the middle of the eye. The preorbital has 2 coarse teeth anteriorly, followed by several smaller ones and another coarse one. The suborbital and postorbital are finely serrate. The nasal bone ends in a flat bifur- cate spine. The opercle has 2 flat spines, the upper one the larger. The color in alcohol is golden to whitish yellow, with a longi- tudinal stripe of brownish or golden along the middle of each row of scales. The fins are all whitish, with a dark brown spot on the basal part of the membrane between the first and second dorsal spines. A specimen, 104 mm. long, taken at Auki, Malaita Island, in the Solomons, was uniform bright red in life with a pale spot in the axil of the soft dorsal and a small dark spot at the base of the membrane between the first and second dorsal spines. In alcohol the color is dark violaceous brown dorsally, paler on the sides, becoming yellowish above the anal and on the caudal peduncle, the fins all pale yellowish. The characteristic small dark brown spot is present at the base of the membrane between the first and second dorsal spines. This specimen has the dorsal XI-I, 14; anal IV, 10; lateral line with 43 scales plus 2 more on the caudal base, 5 above and 9 below it. Depth 2.5, head 2.6, third anal spine 4.33, caudal 3.85, the pectoral 4 times in the length. The eye and snout are equal, 3.4 times in the head. The interorbital is 7, maxillary 2.63, preopercular spine 3.95, least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.95 times in the head. The third and fourth dorsal spines are longest, 2.2 times in the head. A specimen, 100 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solo- mons, has a dusky violet spot on the base of the membrane behind the soft dorsal and the proportions vary a little from those already given. In life the general color was red with a violet bar on each scale. In alcohol the color is reddish yellow with alternate reddish dusky and pale stripes above and yellow and paler longitudinal stripes below the lateral line. Each scale below the lateral line has a violet blue vertical bar or large spot. The scales on the sides of the head are similarly colored. 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Two specimens were collected at Auki, Malaita Island, 92 and 94 mm. in length, and a specimen, 95 mm., at Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Holocentrus sammara (Forskal). Sdaena sammara Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. xii, 48 Djedda, Red Sea. Holocentrus samara Riippell, Atlas, Fische Rothen Meers, 1828, p. 85, pi. 22, fig. 3. Flammeo sammara Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 155, fig. 56. Holocentrum tahiticum Kner, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 29, 1864, p. 482 Tahiti; Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, 1, 1865-67, p. 9, pi. 1, fig. 2. Dorsal XI, 12; anal IV, 8; there are 40 to 44 scales in the lateral line, and 4 more on the caudal, 4 above and 6 below the lateral line. The depth is 3.1 to 3.4, the head 2.8 times in the length. The eye is 2.8 to 3 times, the snout 3.4 to 3.5 times in the head. This handsome and very distinct species varies considerably in the intensity of its coloration. In life it may be deep blood red or deep red with the scales margined with black, or black margined with some shade of red, the spots on the scales forming maroon or blackish longitudinal stripes, a silvery luster over all, often with purplish, golden, or greenish metallic reflections also. A large black spot is always present on the first two or three dorsal spines; in life this spot may be blood red or deep red margined with black, or black margined with some shade of red. The soft dorsal and anal may vary from clear red to golden, with a maroon stripe on the anterior rays. The caudal is colored the same, with a maroon or lighter red stripe on each lobe. Three specimens were collected at Maraa, Tahiti, their lengths 122 to 180 mm.; 4 specimens at Moorea Island were 120 to 142 mm. in length; and 3 specimens from Bora Bora were from 128 to 173 mm. long. In the Solomon Islands 5 specimens, 96 to 110 mm. in length, were taken at Ugi Island. These specimens were much more heavily colored than those collected in the Society Islands. In alcohol the dorsal region is bluish brown or dark steel bluish above, becoming reddish brown or yellowish on the sides, each row of scales below the lateral line with a longitudinal reddish brown stripe along its middle. The preopercle has dark brown spots and the opercle is dark reddish brown except along its posterior margin. The membrane between the third and fourth anal spines and first anal ray is dark reddish brown. There is a narrow stripe of the same color along the margin of the soft dorsal, and a 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 67 broad band of like color along the upper and lower margins of the caudal. There is a large black or blackish brown spot on the soft dorsal between the first and third spines, the rest of the fin largely dark violaceous. There is a silvery luster over all, especially on the dorsal region. A specimen, 29 mm. long, from Tulagi also seems to belong here. Holocentrus lacteo-guttatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Holocentrum lacteoguttatum Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 214 Indian Ocean. Holocentrus guttatus Fowler, Fishes of Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 100, fig. 19. Holocentrum punctatissimum Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 215. Holocentrus punctatissimus Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 162; Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 24. Holocentrum stercus muscarum Cuvier and Valenciennes, 7, 1931, p. 378. Holocentrum diploxiphus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 660, pi. 60. Dorsal XI-1, 14; anal IV, 10; there are 43 scales in the lateral line plus 3 on the caudal base, 5 above and 7 below the line. The depth is 2.9, the head 2.8, the caudal 3.7, the pectoral 4 times in the length. The eye is 2.5, the snout 4.4, the interorbital 3.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 1.58, the preopercular spine 2.2 times in the head. The second anal spine equals the caudal. The color in alcohol is pale brownish white with violet reflections over all and alternate longitudinal darker and paler stripes, the latter more or less pale golden to silvery, the region along the base of the dorsal somewhat darker. The spinous dorsal has a row of brown spots along its middle, exactly as shown in Giinther's figure of young H. diploxiphus. The fins otherwise are all pale. The smaller specimen also has coarse reddish brown specks scattered over the sides and under parts. Here described from 2 specimens, 56 and 85 mm. long, taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomons. Holocentrus caudimaculatus Rlippell. Holocentrus caudimaculatus Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 97 Red Sea (on H. spinifer Rlippell, 1828); Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 223; Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 98. Holocentrum caudimaculatum Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 95; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 356, fig. 3; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 247. 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Holocentrus spinifer (not of Forskal) Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 1828, p. 86, pi. 23, fig. 1. Holocentrus borvici Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, 1906, p. 353, fig. 1. Dorsal XI, 14 or 15; anal IV, 9 or 10. There are 43 or 44 scales in the lateral line and sometimes one or two additional ones on the caudal base, 3 above and 7 below the line. The body is elongate, oblong, the anterior dorsal profile forming a steep straight line from the nape to the tip of the sharp snout, the lower jaw projecting noticeably. The depth is 2.6 to 2.44, the head 2.6 to 2.7, the third anal spine 4.7 to 5, the caudal 4 times in the length. The eye is 3.7 to 3.9, the snout 3.25 to 3.5, the interorbital 7.1 to 7.4 times in the head. The color in alcohol is grayish yellowish, the anterior upper half more or less purplish red, each row of scales with a longitudinal paler band, everywhere more or less silver lustrous; a purplish or silvery white spot on top of the caudal peduncle in the axil of the soft dorsal. The fins are all uniformly pale yellowish, without spots or bands. There is a dark spot at the upper end of the posterior margin of the preopercle and another at the base of the upper oper- cular spine. Here described from 4 specimens, 138 to 174 mm. in length, collected at Maraa, Tahiti. In the living fish the spot on the caudal peduncle is brilliant and conspicuous. A specimen, 119 mm. long, was taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal). Sciaena spinifera Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xii, 49 D'jedda, Red Sea. Holocentrum spiniferum Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1831, p. 374. Holocentrus spinifer Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, 1903 (1905), p. 161, pi. 8. Holocentrum leo Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 152 Bora Bora; Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., 3, 1834, p. 678, pi. 14 , fig. 3. Dorsal XI or XII-I, 13 or 14; anal IV, 9, or rarely 10. There are 42 to 45 scales in the lateral line, 4 above and 9 or 10 below it. The depth is 2.4, the head 2.6 times in the length. The eye is 3.6 to 3.8, the snout 3.4 to 3.6, the interorbital varies from 7 to 8.5 in head, 1.9 to 2.2 in eye, the maxillary 2.5 times in the head. The third dorsal spine is longest, about twice in the head. The third 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 69 anal spine is twice in the head. The depth of the caudal peduncle is 4 times in the head, 1.67 times in its own length. The caudal is 1.5 times in the head. The pectoral is a trifle longer than the caudal, the long-pointed ventrals equal to the caudal. The color in alcohol is dusky grayish brown above and anteriorly, fading to yellowish white behind a line from the posterior end of the spinous dorsal to the tip of the ventrals. There is a dark spot behind the eye and another one behind that, and a brick red area on top of the head behind the interorbital. There is a series of longi- tudinal bands, dark above the lateral line, reddish or golden below it, along the center of each row of scales. The spinous dorsal is yellow, the other fins all whitish. There is a dusky blotch in the axil of the soft dorsal of large specimens. Eight specimens, 96 to 158 mm. in length, were collected at Bora Bora. One specimen had 12 dorsal spines, the others 11. Six very fine specimens, 104 to 176 mm. in length, were taken at Teni- buli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Holocentrus binotatus Quoy and Gaimard. Holocentrum binotatum Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., 3, 1834, p. 679, pi. 14, fig. 4; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 360, fig. 2. Holocentrvx binotatus Jordan' and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 224; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 98. Dorsal XI-1, 12; anal IV, 9. Fowler gives the anal with 3 spines, but there are 4, the first one minute. There are 46 scales in the lateral line plus 3 more on the caudal base in one specimen, 48 plus 2 in the other. There are 4 scales above and 8 below the lateral line and 8 predorsal scales. The depth is 3.15 to 3.3, the head 2.8, the third anal spine about 3.7, the caudal 4.3 to 4.4, the pectoral 4.3 to 4.6 times in the length. The eye is 2.7 to 2.8, the snout 4 to 4.14, the interorbital 4.66 to 4.8, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 4.2 to 4.3 times in the head. The preopercular spine is short, less than half the eye, 6.25 to 7.25 times in the head. The fourth dorsal spine is longest, 5.12 times in the head. The color in alcohol is pale yellowish with 7 or 8 longitudinal dark brownish reddish stripes, the fins all pale yellowish. Between the first and second, and second and third dorsal spines are 2 dark brownish spots or blotches, which may be small and basal, or may cover a large part of the membrane. Two specimens, 79 and 82 mm. in length, were taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Holocentrus diadema Lace"pede. Holocentrus diadema LacSpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 9, 1799, pp. 235, 290, 292, "les manuscrits de Commerson," (pi. 97, fig. 3, 1833, fine colored figure); Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, 1903 (1905), part 1, p. 159, pi. 10; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 102, pi. 7, A. Holocenlrum diadema Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 213; Lesson, Voy. Coquille, 2, 1830, p. 220, pi. 25, fig. 2; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 356, fig. 1; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo- Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 238. Dorsal XI, 12 or 13; anal IV, 9. There are 47 or 48 scales in the lateral line, 3 above and 7 below it. The depth is 2.95 times, the head 3 times in the length. The large eye is 2.5 to 2.7 times, the snout 4 times in the head. The spine at the preopercular angle is large, extending beyond the gill opening. The anterior dorsal spines are strong and sharp, the fourth and fifth longest, 1.75 times in the head. The third anal spine is very large, 1.33 times in the head. The soft dorsal and anal rays are longest anteriorly, 1.5 or 1.6 times in the head. The rather small caudal is deeply forked, about 1.25 times in the head. The pectoral is 1.4 times in the head. In life the color is rose red or dark red, the dorsal region darkest, with 9 or 10 longitudinal white lines; the spinous dorsal is dark blood red or brownish black, with a narrow white stripe near the base ending at the fifth or sixth spine, and another white stripe above the middle from the sixth or seventh to the eleventh spine, all the spines tipped with white. The membrane between the third and fourth anal spines is very dark purplish or reddish black. The fins otherwise are roseate to deep red. In alcohol the color is yellow- ish or reddish brown, with more or less silvery luster, with 9 longi- tudinal pale or white lines. The spinous dorsal is dull black, with white lines as in life. The other fins are all pale yellow to colorless, with the membrane between the third and fourth anal spines blackish in color. Here described from 3 specimens from Maraa, Tahiti, 63 to 99 mm. in length, and 3 specimens, 79 to 85 mm. in length, from Moorea. A typical specimen, 91 mm. long, was taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. An aberrant specimen, 56 mm. long, from Takaroa, Tuamotu Archipelago, is placed here. The head equals the depth, 3.2 times in the length. The eye is 2.85 times in the head. There are 50 scales in the lateral line. The color in alcohol is purplish brown above, whitish below, a brilliant silver luster over all. The spinous 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 71 dorsal is black with white markings exactly as figured by Bleeker for his Holocentrum cornutum (Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 359, fig. 5). Holocentrus microstomus Giinther. Holocentrum microstoma Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 34 Amboina; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 98, pi. 64, fig. B. Holocentrus microstomus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1901, p. 325; Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 24; Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 226; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 103. Holocenthrus thorntonensis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 231, fig. 4. Dorsal XI-I, 12 or 13; anal IV, 9. There are 47 or 48 scales in the lateral line, plus 1 or 2 on the caudal base, 4 above and 8 or 9 below the lateral line. The depth is 3, the head 2.85, the caudal about 4, and the third anal spine 3.25 times in the length. The eye is very large, flush with the dorsal profile, about 3 times in the head. The short sharp snout is nearly 4 times in the head, the interorbital 4.1 times. The body is compressed, elongate, the least depth of the slender caudal peduncle nearly twice in its length or 4 times in the head. The mouth is small, the lips even or the lower jaw slightly projecting. The third anal spine is very large, reaching nearly to the middle of the caudal, seven-eighths of the head. The pectoral is slender, 1.5 times in the head. The caudal is deeply forked, about 1.75 times in the head. The color in alcohol is silvery white on the lower two-thirds, the dorsal region pale reddish, a metallic luster over all, the sides sparingly sprinkled with dark brown dots. There is a conspicuous longitudinal whitish band along each row of scales. There is a white longitudinal band along the upper part of the spinous dorsal, above it a blackish bar or row of blackish blotches, most marked anteriorly. The rest of the fin is dusky reddish, with a blackish bar beneath the posterior two-thirds of the white band. Here described from 4 young specimens, 50 to 56 mm. in length, from Makatea Island, Tuamotu Archipelago. A specimen, 92 mm. long, from Bora Bora has the depth 3.12, the head 2.85, the caudal about 4, and the third anal spine 3.3 times in the length. The eye is 2.8, the snout 3.85, the interorbital 4.5 times in the head. The sides are striped alternately with reddish brown and whitish brown bands, which become narrower behind. The spinous dorsal is pale with a submarginal blackish band, broad on the first two membranes, then much narrower. The other fins are all very pale brownish, 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI nearly colorless. Four specimens, 75 to 115 mm. long, were taken at Malo Island, New Hebrides. One of these, with dark longitudinal stripes, is a duplicate of Giinther's figure cited above. Holotrachys lima (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Myripristis lima Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1831, p. 493 Mauritius. Myripristis (Holotrachys) lima Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 93, pi. 63, fig. A; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 252. Holotrachys lima Scale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 1, 1902, pp. 18, 20, 21; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, 1903 (1905), p. 147, pi. 4; Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 222, fig. 25. Dorsal XII, 15; anal IV, 11. There are 40 scales in the lateral line, 4 above and 11 below it. The oblong body is not much com- pressed anteriorly, the head thick, the anterior profile in a bold curve from the dorsal origin to the tip of the snout. The depth is 2.35, the head 2.66, the caudal 4 times in the length. The eye is 3.3, the snout and interorbital equal, 5 times in the head. The bony, notched snout overhangs the lip. The snout, orbital, suborbital, and opercular bones all with denticulate or spiny edges. All the scales very rough with strong spines. The color in alcohol is pale reddish to yellowish, the fins all very pale yellowish. Here described from a specimen, 80 mm. long, collected at Maraa, Tahiti. Myripristis adustus Bleeker. Myripristis adustus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 4, 1853, p. 108 Amboina; Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 356, fig. 2; Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 7, 1882, p. 352; Herre, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 2, 1903, p. 128; Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 26; Jordan and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 220; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 106. Myripristis murdjan var. adusta Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 92, pi. 62. Dorsal XI-I, 14; anal IV, I, 13. There are 27 or 28 scales in the lateral line, 2 above and 6 below it. The depth is about 2.3, the head 2.75 to 2.85, the forked caudal 3.1 to 3.2, the pectoral 4.15 to 4.25 times in the length. The very large eye is 2.4 to 2.5, the blunt snout 4.9 to 5.1, the interorbital 3.9 to 4 times in the head. The color in life is violet or bluish gray, becoming violaceous yellow below, the scales on the upper third broadly margined with 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 73 violet brown, the top of the head bluish or violet. A blackish red spot is on the tip of the opercle and another at the pectoral axil, the spinous dorsal is blood red with a broad violet black margin. The soft dorsal, anal, and caudal are each yellow with a reddish base and a broad black patch posteriorly and marginally. The color in alcohol is yellow, the upper third dusky violet with scales broadly margined with blackish brown. The spinous dorsal is broadly mar- gined with chocolate brown, the rest of the fin dusky violet. The soft dorsal, anal, and caudal are conspicuously tipped or margined with black, the fins otherwise yellow. There is a large black opercular spot. Two specimens, 124 and 146 mm. long, were obtained at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, New Hebrides. Myripristis intermedius Giinther. Myripristis murdjan var. intermedia Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 92 Samoa. Myripristis intermedius Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, 1906, p. 353; Jordan and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 220; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 107. This species is very similar to M. murdjan, from which it differs chiefly in having the tips of the soft dorsal and anal, and usually those of the caudal also, more or less blackened or dusky. Specimens in alcohol have each scale marked by a vertical dusky bar on its posterior margin; the dorsal region is also darker than in M. murdjan. The black opercular band and pectoral axillary spot are very dark, large, and conspicuous. There is a brown or dusky stripe along the anterior margin of the soft dorsal and anal and the upper and lower margins of the caudal. From the Marquesas group a specimen, 129 mm. long, was col- lected at Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, and 6 specimens, 52 to 61 mm. long, from Nuka Hiva Island. In the Society Islands the following were collected: Maraa, Tahiti, 4 very perfect specimens, 110 to 155 mm. in length; 2 at Moorea Island, 122 and 205 mm. in length; and 2 at Bora Bora, 117 and 150 mm. in length. Three speci- mens were taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands, their lengths 87 to 99 mm. Myripristis murdjan (Forskal). Sciaena murdjan Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 48 Red Sea. Myripristis murdjan Ruppell, Atlas Reise Nord. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 86, pi. 23, fig. 2; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 2, 1873-75, p. 92, pi. 61, not 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI intermedia and adusta; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 152, pi. 5. Dorsal X-I, 14; anal IV, 12 or 13. There are 28 to 30 scales in the lateral line, 4 above and 7 below it. The body is strongly compressed, the dorsal region thickened anteriorly, the depth 2.25 times, the broad head 3 times in the length. The very large, cir- cular eye is 2.3 times, the blunt snout 5.5 times in the head. The lower jaw projects slightly. The mouth is strongly oblique, the posterior margin of the maxillary not extending to the hind margin of the eye. In life the color is a beautiful clear red, the scales paler centrally, with a black bar on the posterior margin of the opercle as far as the pectoral, the anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal margins white. The fins are deep red, but the dorsal spines may be pink or the upper half of the spinous dorsal may be orange. The axil of the pectoral is blackish blood red. In alcohol the color is yellow with a silvery luster, the scales of the dorsal region with dusky margins, and a black mark on the upper margin of the eye; a dark brown or blackish bar on the hind margin of the opercle and a black spot in the pectoral axil. The fins are all pale yellowish. Sometimes the red fades but little, the red color of life largely persisting. Specimens of this common fish were obtained as follows: 2 from Cocos Island, 125 and 210 mm. long; 1 from Takaroa Island, Tuamotu Archipelago, 168 mm. long; 1 from Moorea Island, 198 mm. long; 1 from Bora Bora, 89 mm. long; and 1 from Suva, Fiji Islands, 135 mm. long. A specimen, 146 mm. long, was taken at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides, one, 134 mm. long, at Malo Island, and one, 69 mm. long, at Vila, Efat Island, in the same group. In the Solomon Islands 12 specimens, 80 to 130 mm. in length, were collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island. Myripristis undecimalis Herre. Fig. 2. Myripristis undecimalis Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12, 1935, p. 393. Dorsal XI-I, 14; anal IV, 12; scales 3-28-6, predorsal 7. Depth 2.2, head 2.9 in length. Eye 2.23, snout 4.67, maxillary 1.78, fourth dorsal spine 1.68, third and fourth anal spines 2.6, pectoral 1.25, ventral 1.4 in head. Interorbital 1.66, width of expanded end of maxillary 2.2, snout 2 in eye. Body compressed, thickened in anterior third, dorsal and ventral profiles nearly equally convex. Head and snout boldly convex. Eye prominent. Interorbital has 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 75 4 strong ridges, 2 median and 1 on each side. Mouth oblique, lower jaw barely projecting. An external cluster of 6 short, conical teeth at each anterior angle of the symphysis. One or 2 similar teeth at each anterior angle of upper jaw. Maxillary reaches to posterior fourth of eye. A few very small teeth on lower side of posterior extremity of maxillary. Bones of head all finely serrate, opercular spine not much enlarged. Dorsal spines slender, not very strong. Anterior rays of soft dorsal 2.5 times posterior FIG. 2. Myripristis undeeimalis Herre, type, Takaroa, Tuamotu Islands. ones, slightly longer than fourth dorsal spine. Third anal spine about twice as stout as fourth. First anal rays as long as longest dorsal rays. Caudal peduncle slender. Caudal deeply forked, longer than the head. One specimen collected at Takaroa, Tuamotu Islands. Myripristis microphthalmus Bleeker. Myripristis microphthalmus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 3, 1852, p. 261 Amboina; Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 358, fig. 2; Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 220; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 107. Dorsal X-I, 14; anal IV, 12. There are 28 scales in the lateral line, and 3 more on the caudal base, 3 scales above and 6 below the lateral line, and 8 predorsal scales. The depth is 2.15 to 2.25, the head 2.85 to 3 times in the length. The eye is very large, 2.3 times 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI in the head. The very short, blunt and steeply curved snout is 2.35 times in the eye, 5.5 to 5.6 times in the head. In life the color is deep red or blood red, each scale on the upper half with dark edges, and a silvery sheen over all. The fins are all bright red, the caudal peduncle and caudal paler. There is a very dark blood red or deep red crossbar on the posterior edge of the opercle, beginning above the gill opening and extending to the axil of the pectoral. This is the commonest of the holocentrids on the Tahitian reefs, and is much prized as food by the natives. A great many were taken at Maraa, Tahiti; of these, 12 specimens, 48 to 160 mm. in length, were retained. The description above was taken from 10 specimens collected at Moorea. Their lengths varied from 94 to 122 mm. Myripristis violaceus Bleeker. Myripristis violaceus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 2, 1851, p. 234 Banda Neira; Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 357, fig. 5; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 106. Dorsal X-I, 14; anal III, 13. There are 28 tubulated scales in the lateral line and 4 more scales without tubules on the caudal base. There are 4 scales above and 6 below the lateral line, and 8 predorsal scales. The depth is 2.3, the head 2.85, the caudal 3.5, the pectoral 4 times in the length. The eye is 2.3, the snout 4.7, the interorbital 3.75, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.4 times in the head. The head and body are compressed, the body especially so posteriorly, the anterior third thick and heavy. The eye is very large, circular, and high. The broad, convex snout is blunt and short. The mouth is large, strongly oblique, the chin slightly projecting, the maxillary extending beneath the posterior part of the eye. The edges of the preorbital, suborbital, preopercle, interopercle, opercle, subopercle, and suprascapula are finely to moderately serrate. The deeply forked caudal is nearly all covered with minute scales, the basal ones very little larger than the others. In life the color is beautiful dark reddish violet, the posterior margin of each scale with a broad dark violet vertical bar, with a silver luster over all. On the membranous flap behind the upper part of the opercle is a very dark red bar. A blackish violet spot is concealed in the pectoral axil. The fins are all dusky red, the pectorals, soft dorsal, and anal paler than the others. In alcohol the color is violaceous brown, each scale with a broad violet gray vertical bar. There is a black bar on the hind margin of the opercle above the pectoral, and a violaceous black blotch in the pectoral 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 77 axil. The fins are all yellowish gray with violaceous dusky shadings, the caudal is darkest, the soft dorsal, the anal, and the pectorals are whitish. Here described from a specimen, 131 mm. long, taken at Hog Harbor, Espiritu Santo Island, New Hebrides. Myripristis leiognathos Valenciennes. Myripristis leiognathos Valenciennes, Voy. Venus, Zool., Ichth., 1855, p. 316, 1846, pi. 4, fig. 1 New Ireland; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 21 (after Valenciennes); Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 109 (after Valenciennes). Dorsal XI-1, 13 ; anal IV, 14. There are 36 tubulated scales in the lateral line, plus 2 more on the caudal base, 3 above and 7 below the line. There are 8 predorsal scales. The depth is 2.5, the head 3, the caudal 3.26, the pectoral 3.7 times in the length. The very large circular eye is 2.16, the snout 4.875, the interorbital 3.54, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.42, the maxillary 1.86 times in the head. The head is thick and heavy, the interorbital broad and ridged, the snout blunt. The maxillary extends to a vertical from the posterior margin of the eye and has 3 or 4 small teeth on its lower margin on one side, 2 on the other side of the head. On either side of the curved notch in the upper jaw is a tooth or 2, and 1 or 2 small teeth on each side of the symphysis. The teeth in the jaws are very small, the tongue smooth. The second, third, and fourth dorsal spines are subequal, longer than the others, 1.95 times in the head. The third and fourth anal spines are of equal length, 3.4 times in the head. The ventral spine equals the eye. The caudal is deeply forked. In alcohol the color is yellowish, darker and somewhat reddish above, with a paler or golden longitudinal stripe along the middle of each row of scales. There is a narrow dark brown opercular bar and small brown axillary spot on the pectoral base. The fins are all pale yellowish or reddish. Here described from a specimen, 116 mm. long, collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands, the first one taken since the voyage of the Venus. Myripristis occidentalis Gill. Myripristis occidentalis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 87 Cape San Lucas. Dorsal X-I, 13; anal IV, 12. There are 36 scales in the lateral line, 3 above and 6 below it. The body is elliptical, thick anteriorly 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI and above, compressed posteriorly, the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly equal. The mouth is oblique, the lower jaw included. The maxillary extends to a point beneath the posterior margin of the eye. The head is 3 times, the depth 2.5 times in the length. The eye is 2.5 times in the head, twice as long as the short, blunt snout. The color is cardinal red in life, darker on the snout and top oi the head back to the origin of the dorsal, paler beneath and posteriorly, with a silvery sheen over all. There are longitudinal dusky lines on the sides but they are not very distinct. The fins are bright red. The color in alcohol is dark red or brownish red above, paler to pale silvery red on the belly or whitish on the breast, and with faint dusky longitudinal lines along the sides between the rows ol scales where they overlap. There is a large black spot on the upper part of the eye. The fins are colorless, or the soft dorsal, anal, anc caudal are pale yellowish. Eleven specimens were obtained at Cocos, from 83 to 112 mm in length. Myripristis mooreanus Herre. Fig. 3. Myripristis mooreanus Herre, Jour. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., 6, No. 4, 1931 p. 10 (name only). Myripristis mooreanus Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12 1935, p. 394. Dorsal X-I, 14; anal IV, 13 or 14; scales 4-38-6, predorsal 8 Depth 2.4 to 2.5, head 2.94 to 3 in length. Eye 2, snout 5 to 5.3, interorbital 3.6, maxillary 1.75, third dorsal spine 2 in head. Inter- orbital 1.6 to 1.75, third and fourth anal spines 1.5 to 1.67 in eye Body compressed, rather thick forward, dorsal and ventral profiles moderately convex. Head short and thick, upper profile descending steeply from dorsal origin. Eye large, prominent, high up. Snout broad, blunt, boldly convex, very short. Interorbital broad, with 2 ridges, nearly flat. Mouth very oblique, lips equal. Maxillary reaches about to rear of eye. Lower edge of maxillary smooth or with a few tiny serrations near posterior angle. Margins of heac bones finely to minutely serrate, opercle with a moderately strong spine. Dorsal spines weak, slender, the third longest. Dorsa rays barely higher than longest spine. Third anal spine much stouter than fourth. Anal rays higher than those of dorsal. Cauda' deeply forked, about equal to head. Pectoral slender, nearly equa to head without snout. Six specimens collected at Moorea Island, Society Islands. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 79 Myripristis pralinius Cuvier and Valenciennes. Myripristis pralinius Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 170 New Ireland; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 20; Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 222; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 253, fig. 69. Myripristis pralinus Sauvage, Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 17, pi. 2, fig. 2. Myripristis praslinus Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 108. Myripristis seychellensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 172; Sauvage, Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 1, and pi. 3, fig. 2. Dorsal X-I, 15 or 16; anal IV, 14 or 15. There are 38 to 41 scales in the lateral line, 3 above and 7 below it. The depth is FIG. 3. Myripristis mooreanus Herre, Moorea Island, Society Islands. 2.33 to 2.5, the head 3 or 3.1 times in the length. The very large eye is 2.25 to 2.4, the snout 5, the interorbital 3.75 to 4 times in the head. The deeply forked caudal is a little longer than the head. The body is oblong, compressed, thickened anteriorly, the dorsal and ventral profiles evenly curved. The eye is flush with the upper profile, the snout very short and blunt. The mouth is large, oblique, the posterior angle of the maxillary extending beyond the pupil. In life the color is glowing crimson, with a darker red or blackish red bar on the posterior margin of the opercle from its upper angle to the pectoral axil. The fins are all very bright red, the ventral, anal, and soft dorsal edged with white. In alcohol the color is 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI grayish red to brownish red, paler below, with reddish golden longi- tudinal bands above and broad silvery bands below the lateral line, corresponding to the rows of scales. A broad blackish cross- band extends from the upper angle of the opercle to the pectoral axil. The iris is golden red, with a blackish spot on its upper part. The fins are all pale yellowish. Here described from 8 specimens, 51 to 140 mm. long, from the reef at Maraa, Tahiti, where it was very abundant. Perhaps more than a hundred specimens were collected and given to the natives, by whom it is highly prized as food. This is a very beautiful fish in life. Family SYNGNATHIDAE Choeroichthys sculpt us (Gunther). Doryichihys sculptus Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 8, 1870, p. 185 Fiji. Trunk rings 19; caudal rings 23; dorsal 30. This species is quite variable in color and markings. Four specimens from Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji, 36 to 58 mm. in length, were pale cream color, with a large circular brown spot on each shield of the trunk and tail rings, on the dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces. There are similar but smaller spots on the opercles, snout, cheeks, top, and under side of the head. Six specimens, also from Suva Harbor, 35 to 56 mm. in length, were dark brown, the lateral shields of the trunk and tail each with a pair of pearl-colored spots; the caudal with a white posterior margin. These were all caught while we were fishing at night by electric light. A specimen, 38 mm. long, from Nukulau Island, Fiji, was uni- form dark brown, without markings. Five specimens from the tide pools of Malekula Island, opposite Wala Island, New Hebrides, were variously marked. Some had a white spot on each lateral shield. Others had large dark brown spots on the under side of the head and trunk, and along the lower part of the side. All had paired whitish spots along the upper side of the trunk and tail. Their lengths were from 44 to 45 mm. Coelonotus argulus (Peters). Syngnaihus argus Peters, Bericht Verb. Akad. Berlin, 1852, p. 685 (not of Richardson). Coelonotus argulus Peters, Bericht Verb. Akad. Berlin, 1855, p. 465; Reise nach Mossambique, Zool., 4, 1868, p. 106, pi. 20, fig. 4; Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 8, 1870, p. 189. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 81 Coelonotus argus Duncker, Rev. Syngnathidae I, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Ham- burg, 32, 1915, p. 56; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 57. Coelonotus biocellatus Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 8, 1870, p. 188. Dorsal 45 to 48 in my specimens (42 to 53 according to Duncker) ; anal 4; pectoral 16 or 17; caudal 9; trunk rings 16, caudal rings 38 or 39. The body is rather plump and rounded in my specimens, said to be much compressed in adult females. The depth is 24 to 24.3 times, the head 9.2 to 9.5 times in the length. The eye is 6.1 to 6.5 times in the head, about 2.5 times in the snout. There are 3 feebly developed longitudinal ridges on the snout, which is 2.44 times in the head and is very little shorter than the postorbital part of the head. There is a very poorly developed keel along the middle of the opercle, which extends across only the anterior third or is almost absent, breaking up into a number of weak radiating lines. The shields are transversely striated. The cristae are typical of the genus, inconspicuous and feebly developed. The tail is more than twice the length of the trunk, and 1.55 to 1.6 times the head and trunk together. The long dorsal extends over 3 or 4 trunk and 8 or 9 caudal rings. The caudal fin is 1.8 times in the head. The color in alcohol is brown, dark above and pale beneath. There are two rows of black ocelli with pale margins on each side of the trunk, passing gradually into a single row on the tail, but usually not extending beyond the dorsal fin. Hitherto known only from Comoro and Madagascar off the coast of Africa, and Flores in the East Indies. Four fine specimens, 92 to 105 mm. in length, were taken from a small stream near Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas. They correspond exactly to the excellent description and figure given by Peters in his treatment of the river fishes of Mozambique. Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker). Syngnathus brachyurus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., 25, 1853, Trosk. Viss., p. 16 Batavia. Microphis brachyurus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., 8, 1860, 8th Bijdr. Viss. Sumatra, p. 72; Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1906, p. 214, fig. 20; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 264; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 44, fig. 21; Duncker and Mohr, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, 41, 1925, p. 13. Doryrhamphinarum brachyurum Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. Ill, fig. 22. 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI There are 21 trunk rings, 23 or 24 caudal rings in my specimens and 38 or 39 dorsal rays. The head is 4.5 to almost 5 times in the length. The depth varies with age, sex, and condition. In specimens from 95 to 154 mm. long it ranges from 22.5 to nearly 26 times in the length. The snout is 1.56 to 1.8 times, the eye 8.33 to 11.33 times in the head. The operculum has a complete longitudinal keel with several ridges radiating from it on the lower side. The trans- versely striated shields have longitudinal serrated keels, each terminating in a spine. The inferior cristae of the trunk and tail are discontinuous. The median lateral trunk cristae and the inferior cristae of the tail are continuous. The color in alcohol is brownish gray to brown, with an obscure dark band along the side from the snout to the tail. Six specimens, 81 to 153 mm. in length, were taken in a fresh- water stream on Moorea Island. ' Ichthyocampus kampeni M. Weber. Ichthyocampus kampeni M. Weber, Siboga Exp., Fische, 1913, p. 114; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 93, fig. 38. Dorsal 20; anal 3; pectoral 13; caudal 10; trunk rings 16, caudal rings 29; subdorsal rings 1 + 4. The stout body is heptagonal, with prominent abdominal ridge, the tail four-sided. The greatest depth is 20.7 times in the length, the breadth more than 0.8 the depth. The trunk is contained 2.7 times in the tail, which is 58.6 per cent of the total. The head is 8.9 times in the length. The short thick snout is 2.95 times in the head. The eye equals the caudal, 4.33 times in the head. The superior and inferior cristae of the trunk are continuous with the corresponding ones on the tail. The medial lateral cristae are straight, ending at the third caudal ring. The edges of the finely corrugated shields are prominent, smooth anteri- orly, but higher posteriorly and ending in a sharp tooth. The posterior margin of the eye is nearly at the middle of the head. There is a trace of a median keel between the eyes above the snout base. There is a small keel on the anterior third of the operculum, from which radiate many fine lines. The operculum, occiput, and under side of head are everywhere dotted with minute pits. There are no cutaneous appendages. The color in alcohol is uniform brown, with about 10 transverse white lines across the back, each with a dark brown spot before or on both sides of it; opercles black, the snout gray. Here described from a male specimen, 58 mm. long, collected at Ovalau Island, by the aid of electric light. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 83 Corythoichthys conspicillatus (Jenyns). Syngnathus conspicillatus Jenyns, Zool. Voy. Beagle, Fishes, 1842, p. 147, pi. 27, fig. 4 Tahiti; Carman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, 1903, p. 239, pi. 5, fig. 2; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 9, 1910, p. 430, pi. 167, fig. B. Corythoichthys conspicillatus Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 264; Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 114. Dorsal 28; anal 3; pectoral 16. There are 16 trunk and 34 caudal rings. The depth is 30, the head 8.57 times in the length. The eye is 4.4, the snout 2.5 times in the head. The robust body is about as wide as deep, the median lateral keel not continuous with the lower caudal keel. The opercle has a complete longitudinal keel. The shields are vertically striated. The color in alcohol is very pale yellowish brown, with 13 pairs of blackish crossbands over the back and down the sides. There is a black patch on top of the head and a black stripe from the middle of the eye back to the nape. A black line begins before the eye and runs along the under side of the head beneath the eye to the throat. Between the posterior ends of this line and its fellow is a median black spot on the throat. A short distance behind it is a larger black spot, from which a short black bar runs backward. Here described from a specimen, 60 mm. long, collected in Papeete Harbor, Tahiti, as we were fishing by electric light. Another specimen, 89 mm. long, caught in the same way at Vila, Efate* Island, New Hebrides, has the black line and blotches on the head and throat better developed. From the lower part of the opercle a black line runs back to the third ring. The ventral surface of the first three rings has a pair of blackish blotches on each. The snout is thinly sprinkled with black dots. Corythoichthys corrugatus (Weber). Syngnathus corrugatus Weber, Siboga Exp., Fische, 1913, p. 112. Corythoichthys corrugatus Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 73, fig. 32. Dorsal 30 to 32; pectoral 15. There are 15 trunk rings and 42 in the tail. The dorsal is on 1 trunk and 7 caudal rings. The trunk is 7-sided, the 2 ventral plates uniting in a prominent ridge, the dorsal with a single concave plate. The 4-sided tail is elongate and slender. The entire surface of trunk and tail is finely corrugated and reticulated and the edges of the shields are prominent and minutely serrate or corrugated. The greatest depth is 21.33 times, the head 10 to 10.3 times in the length. The head is 2.75 times in the trunk. The tail is 1.56 to 1.6 times in the total length 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI and 2.28 to 2.4 times as long as the trunk. The short, blunt, tubulate snout is 2.5 to 2.8 times in the head, much shorter than the postorbital part of the head, its dorsal surface concave. The eyes are very prominent, 5 to 5.16 times in the head, the interorbital region steeply descending. The postorbital region is 1.85 times in the head. On each side of the upper surface of the snout is a microscopically serrate ridge, bearing several isolated spines, and before each nostril is a ridge with 4 serrations or spines. Weber and Beaufort say "median line of snout with a series of isolated spines . . . continued ... on the interorbital space," but my specimens are as stated above. The eye margin is denticulated and from the middle of the dorsal portion a curved minutely serrate ridge runs to the end of the head. From the posterior portion of the interorbital a median crest, divided into three parts by shallow notches, runs back and disappears on the first trunk ring. The opercle is crossed by a minutely corrugate longitudinal keel, from which radiate many lines, the whole surface of the opercle minutely reticulate. The superior aristae of the trunk are continued to the end of the dorsal but are not continuous with the superior caudal cristae, which deflect downward and extend forward to the front margin of the last trunk ring. The inferior cristae of the body and tail are continuous. The median lateral trunk cristae end at the front margin of the first tail ring. The dorsal base is not elevated. The pectorals and caudal are very small, the latter 35.5 times in the length, or 3.4 times in the head. The color in alcohol is dusky brown anteriorly, the tail with alternating rings of whitish and brown; the lower lateral trunk plates and the ventral plates each have one or two white dots. The head is brown with two pairs of white lines on the under side of the snout and two more pairs below the eye. From the eye a broad silvery white band passes backward and downward to the under side of the head, and a thin line of white runs from the middle of the opercular ridge to the throat. On the ventral side of the first trunk ring is a faint white V-shaped mark. A broad silvery white band extends along the upper side of the snout to the eyes, where it divides, a branch extending along the upper margin of each eye. Weber and Beaufort's figure shows white spots on the lower plates of the trunk and the broad white band from the eye, but they are not mentioned in the description. Described here from two specimens, each 64 mm. long, collected at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. A third speci- men, 53 mm. long, agrees in every essential. This rare little pipo 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 85 fish has been known hitherto only from the type, collected by Dr. Weber at the Karakelang Islands. Corythoichthys fasciatus (Gray). Syngnathus fasciatus Gray, Illustr. Indian Zool., I, 1830-32, pi. 89, figs. 2 and 2a, not of Risso. Syngnathus flavofasciatm Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 144; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 113. Corythoichthys fasciatus Kaup, Cat. Lophobr. Fish, 1856, p. 25; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 70, fig. 31. Dorsal 30; anal 3; pectoral 17; caudal 8; trunk rings 16; tail rings 33 ; subdorsal rings 7, all caudal. The head is 6.38 times in the length. The straight snout is half the length of the head, and 1.5 times the postorbital portion of the head. The eye is 6 times in the head, the caudal 3.6 times. The tail is a trifle more than 0.6 of the total length. The superior cristae of the trunk and tail are discontinuous, that of the trunk being carried back over to the sixth ring of the tail, almost to the end of the dorsal, and that of the tail being deflected downward at the posterior end of the dorsal and ending on the middle of the last trunk ring. The inferior cristae of the trunk and tail are con- tinuous. The lateral shields of the trunk have a median longitudinal keel and are very minutely transversely striated. The dorsal and lateral plates of the tail are not keeled. There is a high, arched keel from just behind the eyes to the posterior part of the first trunk ring. There is a very small keel over the eye. All the shields are smooth. There is a complete longitudinal keel on the operculum, without radiating ridges, but the operculum is microscopically striate. The dorsal is entirely upon the tail. The color in alcohol is yellowish white, everywhere minutely punctulate with brown specks. There is a black circular spot on the superior cristae at the corner of each plate, also a black line through the eye and one below it continued back upon the operculum, and brownish black streaks and marks along the sides on at least every other shield. There is a black circular spot at the lower corner of each shield opposite the one above and a few black dots on the head and snout. There is a pair of black spots on the throat and a median black spot on the ventral surface of the first three trunk segments. The eye is silvery, the pupil black. The caudal is pink. Here described from a specimen, 60 mm. long, including the caudal fin, or 57.5 mm. standard length, caught in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, with the aid of electric light. 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Micrognathus brevirostris (Riippell). Syngnalhus brevirostris Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 144 Massaua, Red Sea. Micrognathus brevirostris Duncker, Mitth. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, 32, 1915, p. 75; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 75. Dorsal 20; anal 3; there are 17 (15 to 17) rings in the trunk, 30 (28 to 32) in the tail. The head is 9.5 times in the length, the eye 5 times in the head. The very short concave snout equals the post- orbital part of the head and the operculum has a short, poorly developed basal keel from which radiate lines. The tail is nearly twice as long as the trunk. The color in alcohol is black, with 10 pearl white crossbands on the back and sides. Each trunk shield has a pearl white dot on the posterior part of its ventral margin. On the dorsal surface and the under side of the head, white dots are sprinkled sparsely. One specimen, 43 mm. long, was collected in Suva Harbor, Fiji, at night with the aid of electric light. A male with his brood pouch filled with embryos nearly ready to hatch was taken at Tulagi Harbor, Solomon Islands, its length 40 mm. The depth is 20, the head 8, the head and trunk together 2.5, the caudal portion 1.66 times in the length. The eye is 5 times, the snout 2.77, the postorbital part of the head 2.38 times in the head. The color is brown, mottled with white, with a white crossbar across the back at every fourth or fifth ring. On the opercle is a whitish ocellus with a pearly white marginal ring and with some black dots scattered over its surface. Micrognathus suvensis Herre. Fig. 4. Micrognathus suvensis Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12, 1935, p. 396. Dorsal 28; anal 3; pectoral 18; trunk rings 15; caudal rings 39 to 40. Dorsal on 6 caudal rings. Depth 43.68 to 44.5, head 8.8 to 9.5 in length. Eye 6.5 to 7.75, snout 1.9 to 2, caudal 2.3 in head. Trunk 2.36 to 2.57, head and trunk 1.7 to 1.76 in tail. Trunk more or less heptagonal. Tail four-sided. Body everywhere with smooth edges. Shields all very minutely transversely striate. Snout stout and straight, with a sharp median crest. Operculum with a well- developed median keel that extends entirely across and has many radiating lines above and below. No cutaneous appendages. Dorsal begins on second caudal ring. Superior and inferior cristae of trunk and tail discontinuous. Lateral median ridge of trunk continuous with inferior crista of tail. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 87 Color in alcohol whitish, darkened by punctulations of minute dots, snout dusky, caudal fin blackish. Two specimens collected in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji Islands. Family AULOSTOMIDAE Aulostomus valentini (Bleeker). Polypterichthys valentini Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 4, 1853, p. 608 Ternate. Aulastomus valentini Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 26, 1903, p. 64; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 114, fig. 34. Aulostoma valentini Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 10, fig. 3. Aulostoma chinense Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 2, 1876-81, p. 223, pi. 123, figs. B and C. Dorsal VIII to XII-24 to 27; anal IV, 22 to 25. The depth of the elongate, compressed body is 11 to 13, the head 3 to 3.2 times in FIG. 4. Mierognathus sutensis Herre, Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji Islands. the length. The compressed, much elongated and tubiform snout is 1.4 to 1.5 times in the head. The circular eye is 8.6 to 10 times in the snout and 12 to 14 times in the head. The lower jaw curves upward and projects strongly, the prominent chin bearing a fleshy barbel beneath. The mouth is strongly oblique. The first dorsal is of slender isolated spines. The soft dorsal and anal are very far back, and opposite each other. The caudal peduncle is small, slender, its depth 4 times in its length. The small pectoral is 1.5 or 2 times the eye. The small caudal is 5 times in the head. 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI In life the color is highly variable. It may be light brown with rose- ate longitudinal stripes, or lemon yellow, or dark brown with yellow fins with black spots and bars, or there may be other color combina- tions. Usually the body between the soft dorsal and anal and the caudal peduncle is spotted with white, yellow, or black, or the spots may form crossbars. Sometimes most of the body is crossbarred. There is a black spot or bar on the maxillary. In alcohol the color is dull brown or dusky brown; the black spots persist but the other markings usually disappear. At Takaroa, Tuamotu Archipelago, 2 specimens, 550 and 610 mm. in length, were taken. This species is very common around the docks at Papeete, Tahiti, where 5 specimens, from 130 to 160 mm. in length, were taken. Family FISTULARIIDAE Fistularia petimba Lace*pede. Fistularia petimba Lace'pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 10, 1803, p. 89 New Britain; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 22, 1902 (1903), p. 437; Scale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 17; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 263; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo- Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 14, fig. 4; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 117. Dorsal 14 to 17; anal 14 to 16. The body is naked, smooth everywhere, without median scales. The depth is 36 to 41, measured at the eyes, the greatest depth of the body. The head is about 2.5 times in the length. The eye is 10 to 13 times, the snout 1.35 times in the head. The lateral edges of the snout are minutely serrate. The two median ridges on top of the snout diverge on the anterior half but converge about the middle of the snout and run back very close together but remain distinct, although coalescing along the inner margins. The center of the caudal is extended as a very long filament. The color in alcohol is pale to dark brown above, pale brownish to yellowish beneath. The caudal filament is black. The fins are colorless or very pale. Here described from 10 young specimens, 125 to 158 mm. in length, collected at Papeete, Tahiti, where these fish were numerous in the quiet waters inside the dock. Large specimens were seen at Tahiti and many other localities, but none were secured up to the time of leaving Fiji. At Tulagi, Solomon Islands, 5 specimens were secured, ranging in length from 76 to 130 mm. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 89 Family ATHERINIDAE Atherina endrachtensis Quoy and Gaimard. Atherina endrachtensis Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 2, 1824, p. 334 China Sea and Australia "terre d'Endracht"; Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 10, 1835, p. 456. Atherina eendrachtensis Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 270. Dorsal V-II, 9; anal II, 12. There are 36 scales in a longi- tudinal series to the caudal base and 6 in a transverse series. The depth is 4.5, the head nearly 3.5, the caudal 4.4, the pectoral 5 times in the length. The eye is 2.35, the snout 3.8, the interorbital 2.7, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.8 times in the head. The compressed body is broad and heavy anteriorly, the snout broad and blunt, the interorbital flat, the very large circular eyes rising above the interorbital level. The mouth is small, oblique, the maxillary extending beneath the front part of the eye. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the thirteenth scale, midway between the hind border of the eye and the caudal base. A vertical from it is nearer to the anal than to the ventral origin. The anus is 3 scales in advance of a vertical from the first dorsal origin and lies between the posterior parts of the ventrals. The color in alcohol is yellowish, the scales on the upper part margined with dark brown. There is a black band from the axil of the pectoral to the caudal base, bordering a silvery band beneath it. Below this is a row of black dots, one on each scale. There is a median black line along the back from the occiput to the caudal. The snout, top and sides of the head are dusky or black with dark specks and there is a black spot on the upper margin of the eye. The pectoral base is marked by a black transverse line, and the caudal is somewhat dusky, the other fins largely colorless. Described from a specimen, 66 mm. long, taken with the aid of electric light while anchored in Turtle Bay, Espiritu Santo Island, New Hebrides. I also refer here 12 immature specimens, 17 to 29 mm. in length, collected at the same time. Atherina forskali Riippell. Atherina forskalii Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 132, pi. 33, fig. 1 Red Sea; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 345, pi. 71, fig. 4; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 119. Atherina forskali Jordan and Hubbs, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 11, 1917, p. 462, pi. 46; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 274. 90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Dorsal V-II, 8; anal II, 11 to 13; there are 42 to 45 scales in a longitudinal, 6 in a transverse series. In a specimen, 38 mm. long, the depth is about 5.85, the head 4.2 times in the length. The eye is 2.5, the snout 3.75, the interorbital 2.7 times in the head. The pectoral is 6.3 times in the length. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the fifteenth or sixteenth scale, nearer to the caudal than to the tip of the snout, about midway between the hind border o the pupil and the caudal base. The origin of the second dorsal opposite the twenty-fifth scale (twenty-fourth to twenty-sixth in a series of specimens). The anus is opposite the twelfth to fourteentl scale and 2 scales before a vertical from the origin of the first dorsa (sometimes 3 scales before). The color in alcohol is yellowish, the scales above the latera band margined by lines of dusky dots and a black band along th middle of the back. The sides are silvery, with a broad glistening silver band along the middle containing a more or less distinc narrow black band from the upper angle of the pectoral to th middle of the caudal base. The sides of the head are bright silver Twenty specimens were taken by the aid of electric light ir Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji, their lengths from 20 to 3* mm. In the same manner 64 fine and much more typical specimens 52 to 110 mm. in length, were taken in the harbor of Vila, Efat Island, New Hebrides, and 105 specimens, 15 to 77 mm. long, ii Tulagi Harbor, Solomon Islands. A specimen, 110 mm. long, has th depth 4.6 times, the head 3.66 times in the length; the eye is 2. times in the head and equals the interorbital. Atherina ovalaua Herre. Fig. 5. Atherina ovalaua Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12, 1935 p. 401. Dorsal VII-II, 8; anal II, 8 or 9; pectoral I, 14; scales 40 to 42 transverse series 7, predorsal 14 to 16, between dorsals 7 or 8; gill rakers 22 to 25 on lower arch. Depth 5.9 to 6.2 in length. Ey 2.75 to 3, length of caudal peduncle 1.6, pectoral 1.5 to 1.6, ventra 2.1 to 2.3 in head. Width 1.17 to 1.26 in depth. Depth of cauda peduncle 2.37 in its length. Body subcylindrical. Head bluntly pointed, flattened above. Snout convex. Eye large, prominent distinctly shorter than postorbital part of head. Snout equal t( interorbital, shorter than eye. Maxillary reaches front of eye Teeth minute. Dorsal origin midway between caudal base am front of eye, occasionally farther forward, opposite sixteenth scale Origin of second dorsal opposite twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth scale 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 91 Sixty-one specimens collected at Ovalau Island and in Suva Harbor, Fiji Islands. Hepsetia pinguis (Lace"pede). Atherina pinguis Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 10, 1803, pp. 117, 124, pi. 5, fig. 1, on Commerson MS.; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 3, 1861, p. 399; Ogilby, Mem. Queensland Mus., 1, 1912, p. 38, pi. 12, fig. 1; Jordan and Hubbs, Studies in Ichthyology, Atherinidae, Stanford Univ. Pub., 1919, p. 32; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 120. Dorsal VI-I, 10; anal I, 14 or 15; there are 43 to 45 scales in a longitudinal series, plus 3 or 4 more on the caudal base, 8 in a transverse series, and 20 or 21 before the first dorsal. The compressed body is rather stout anteriorly, with broad blunt head. The anus is between the tips of the ventrals and some distance before a vertical from the dorsal origin which is nearer to the caudal base than to the tip of the snout. The depth is 4.1 to 4.6, the head 15 mm. FIG. 5. Atherina ovalaua Her re, Ovalau Island, Fiji Islands 3.33 to 3.6, the caudal 3.9 to 4.1, and the pectoral about 4.33 times in the length. The large eye is 2.5 to 2.7, the snout 3.6 to 3.8, the interorbital 2.7 to 2.9, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.6 to 3.8 times in the head. The mouth is large, oblique, the posterior end of the maxillary beneath the anterior or the middle part of the eye. The caudal is deeply forked. The color in alcohol is whitish, each scale on the dorsal surface more or less dusky brown with minute blackish dots, a blackish line along the middle of the back, and a broad silver or lead-colored band from the pectoral base to the middle of the caudal base. The pectoral has a blackish blotch near its tip and the caudal is dusky or black on its posterior lobes. The snout is blackish, there is a black streak along the upper margin of the opercle, and there is a blue black spot on the upper margin of the eye. Here described from 34 specimens, 66 to 78 mm. in length, collected at Ovalau Island, Fiji, with the aid of electric light. 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Family MUGILIDAE Mugil dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes. Mugil dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1836, p. 147 Bombay, Coromandel; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 352, pi. 74, fig. 4 Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 235; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 122. Dorsal IV-I, 8 or 9; anal III, 9. There are 28 or 29 scales in a longitudinal series plus 3 or 4 more on the caudal base and 10 or 11 in a transverse series; predorsal scales 18 to 20. The depth is 3.25 to 4.25, the head 3.8 to 4 times in the length. The eye has a well- developed adipose lid covering the posterior third or more of the eye, 4.25 to 4.6 in the head. The snout is equal to or less than the eye, the flat wide interorbital about twice the eye. The mandible has a single knob at its tip and the maxillary is visible when the mouth is closed. The origin of the first dorsal is slightly nearer to the caudal base than to the tip of the snout and is opposite the ninth or tenth lateral scale. The origin of the second dorsal is opposite the nineteenth or twentieth scale and opposite the middle of the anal. The pectoral is shorter than the head, reaching the seventh or eighth lateral scale, with a small axillary scale or none. The color in alcohol is bluish dusky above, the sides gradually paling to yellowish beneath, with 6 blackish longitudinal stripes along the side. A large blackish blotch is present on the opercle. All the fins except the pectoral are dusky. From a small river flowing into Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Islands, Fiji, were collected 2 specimens, each 105 mm. in length. Mugil engeli Bleeker. Mugil engeli Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 16, 1858-59, p. 277 Batavia Java; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 238 Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 122. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 9. There are 32 or 33 scales in a longi- tudinal, 11 in a transverse series, and 18 or 20 before the dorsal. The depth is 3.7 to 4, the head 3.4 to 3.5 times in the length. The eye is 3.8 to 4, the snout 3.6 to 3.9, the interorbital 2.3 to 2.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.6 times in the head. The body is compressed, the snout broad and blunt. The mouth is broad with slightly included lower jaw, the symphysial knob double, the maxillary hidden when the mouth is closed. The adipose eyelid is well developed. The origin of the first dorsal is midway between the tip of the snout and the caudal base, or nearer 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 93 the latter, and is opposite the tenth or eleventh lateral scale. The origin of the second dorsal is a third or half behind the anal, and opposite the twentieth or twenty-first scale. The pectoral extends to the eighth or ninth scale, 1.1 to 1.2 times in the head, with a large, pointed axillary scale. The deeply forked caudal equals the head. The color in alcohol is dark olive above, the sides silvery, be- coming white beneath. The ventrals are white, the other fins more or less dusky, the caudal with a paler crossband near the posterior end. Nine specimens, 120 to 154 mm. in length, were collected from the Papenoo River, Tahiti. Mugil kandavensis Giinther. Mugil kandavensis Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 2, 1876-81, p. 215 Kandavu, Fiji. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 9; there are 32 or 33 scales in a longi- tudinal series, plus 3 or 4 more on the caudal base, 12 in a trans- verse series, and 16 or 17 predorsal. The depth is 3.7 to 3.8, the head 3.35 to 3.44, the pectoral 4 to 4.7 times in the length. The eye is 3.6 to 3.76, the snout 3.25 to 3.5, the interorbital 2.3 to 2.4, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.5 to 2.6 times in the head. The forked caudal equals the head. The lips are thin, the snout short, blunt, and broad. The maxillary is not concealed by the preorbital when the mouth is closed. The symphysial knob is broad and prominent. The origin of the spinous dorsal is midway between the caudal base and the middle or hind part of the eye, opposite the hind margin of the tenth scale. The origin of the second dorsal is opposite the twentieth or twenty-first scale. The second dorsal and caudal have only a few basal scales. The adipose eyelid is poorly developed. The color in alcohol is dusky brown above, paler on the sides and whitish below, each row of scales with a darker longitudinal band, the opercle dark. Forty specimens, 28 to 63 mm. in length, were taken at Nukulau Island, Fiji, where large schools of these fish were seen swimming on the extensive tidal flats. Mugil longimanus Giinther. Mugil longimanus Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 3, 1861, p. 428 East Indies; Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 9, 1884, p. 41; McCulloch, Rec. Austr. Mus., 13, 1921, p. 130; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo- Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 239; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 123. 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Dorsal IV-I, 8 or 9; anal III, 9. There are 34 or 35 scales in a longitudinal series, plus 3 or 4 more on the caudal base, 12 in a trans- verse series, and 18 or 19 predorsal scales. The depth is 3.4 to 3.6, the head 3.66 to 3.7 times in the length. The eye is 4.3 to 4.6, the snout 3.4 to 3.9, the interorbital 2.4, and the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2 to 2.2 times in the head. The adipose eyelid is well developed, covering most of the eye except the pupil. The snout is blunt, convex, the upper lip moderately thick. The maxillary is entirely concealed when the mouth is closed. The symphysial knob is double. The origin of the first dorsal is midway between the tip of the snout and the caudal base, or a little nearer to the snout, and is opposite the twelfth or thirteenth lateral scale. The origin of the second dorsal is opposite the twenty-first to twenty- second lateral scale and behind the anal origin. The pectoral is only a little shorter than the head, extending to a perpendicular from the dorsal origin or beyond, or at least to the twelfth scale. There is a long, pointed axillary scale, which goes 2.6 times in the length of the pectoral. The caudal is rather deeply emarginate, with pointed tips, a little longer than the head. The color in alcohol is olive brown above, becoming pale yellow- ish under the head, above the anal and on the lower part of the caudal peduncle, the belly and middle of the sides dull purplish. The opercle is blackish. The dorsals and caudal are blackish, the other fins yellowish. Here described from 5 specimens, 104 to 171 mm. in length, collected at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Mugil thoburni Jordan and Starks. Mugil thoburni Jordan and Starks in Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 812 Galapagos. Dorsal IV-I, 7; anal III, 9; there are 42 scales in a longitudinal, 15 in a transverse series, and 24 predorsal scales. The depth is 3.5, the head 3.8 times in the length. The adipose eyelid is large, the eye 4.5 times in the head, shorter than the broad snout, which is 3.75 times. The color in alcohol is dirty bluish gray above, merging into yellowish white on the belly, the sides and under parts silvery. Faint longitudinal bluish stripes follow the rows of scales on the sides. All the fins are dusky except the ventrals, which are whitish. There is a blackish crossbar on the pectoral base. A common fish in the Galapagos; 18 specimens, 77 to 106 mm. long, were obtained at Post Office Bay, Charles Island; 52 specimens 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 95 at Narborough Island, from 51 to 87 mm. in length; and 4 at South Seymour Island, from 110 to 122 mm. long. Young mullets in the Querimana stage are very common through- out the Galapagos Archipelago. They are very similar in appear- ance to "Querimana harengus," which has been shown by Bean (New York State Mus., Bull. 60, Zool., 8, 1903, p. 366) and by Jacot (Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., 39, 1920, pp. 199-229) to be the young of Mugil curema. Since this species was not collected in the islands and Mugil thoburni is very common there, it is likely that these young belong to the latter species. Liza oligolepis (Bleeker). Mugil oligolepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 19, 1859, p. 437 Sumbawa; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 358, pi. 76, fig. 2; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 245. Dorsal IV-I, 8 or 9; anal III, 9. There are about 26 scales in a longitudinal and 10 or 11 in a transverse series. There are 15 or 16 predorsal scales. The depth is 3.6 times in the length, a trifle less than the head, which is 3.5 times in the length. The eye is a trifle more than 3 times in the head and 1.64 times the short blunt snout. There is no trace of an adipose eyelid. The slightly convex interorbital is wider than the eye. The maxillary is visible when the mouth is closed. There is a double knob at the tip of the mandi- ble. The upper lip is very thin. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the ninth scale of a lateral series. The origin of the second dorsal is behind the anterior half of the anal and opposite the seven- teenth or eighteenth scale. The pectorals are a little shorter than the head, and without an axillary scale. The caudal is slightly emarginate. The color in alcohol is brownish olive dorsally, and bright silver on the sides below the level of the upper margin of the eye, and on the belly. A specimen, 30 mm. long, was caught in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji, while we were fishing by electric light. Liza vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard). Mugil vaigiensis Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zoologie, 2, 1824, p. 337, pi. 59, fig. 2 Waigiu; Duncker and Mohr, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, 42, 1926, p. 131, figs. 4 and 5; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 244. Mugil waigiensis Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 359; Gxinther, Fische der Siidsee, 2, 1876-81, p. 216, pi. 121, fig. B. Liza vaigiensis Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 6, 1906, p. 15. 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Liza vaigiensis Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 257. Dorsal IV-I, 7 or 8; anal III, 8. There are 26 to 28 scales in a longitudinal, 9 or 10 in a transverse series, and 15 or 16 predorsal. The depth equals the head, which is 3 to 3.33 times in the length. The eye is longer than the snout in my specimens, 4.5 times in the head, and nearly twice in the interorbital. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the ninth scale in a lateral series, and slightly nearer to the caudal base than to the tip of the snout. The origin of the second dorsal is opposite the eighteenth scale, and opposite the middle of the anal. The pectoral is much shorter than the head. In alcohol the color is bluish brown or dusky above, paler on the sides to bluish gray beneath, the sides with about 6 faint longi- tudinal darker rows. The upper half of the pectoral is black, the first dorsal black, the second dorsal dusky, the other fins all pale or whitish. Other specimens have the back leaden or brownish dusky, the sides silvery to silvery white, the longitudinal stripes and fins as already given. Here described from 10 specimens, 30 to 43 mm. long, collected at Maraa, Tahiti, and 52 specimens from the reef between Suva and Nukulau Island, Fiji, from 21 to 50 mm. in length. We also obtained 6 specimens, 23 to 33 mm. in length, from Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. This mullet is very common in the young stages along the strand, coming in to very shallow water with the flood tide. It is the handsomest of the mullets and young specimens make very attractive aquarium exhibits. It is recognized at all stages by the black pectorals and the 8 anal rays. Four specimens, 42 to 48 mm. long, were taken at Auki, Malaita Island, Solomons. Liza melinoptera (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Mugil melinopterus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1836 p. 146, pi. 313; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 246. Liza melinoptera Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 217. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 9. There are 29 scales in a longi- tudinal, 10 or 11 in a transverse series, and 18 predorsal scales. The depth is 3.65, the head 3.75, the caudal 3.55, the pectoral 4.9 times in the length. The eye is 4.25, the snout 3.25, the inter- orbital 2.2, and the pectoral 1.3 times in the head. The maxillary 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 97 is visible when the mouth is closed. The knob at the tip of the mandible is single. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the ninth lateral scale. The origin of the second dorsal is opposite the middle of the anal and the eighteenth or nineteenth lateral scale. An adi- pose eyelid is wanting. The color in alcohol is brownish dusky above, browner on the sides and yellowish beneath, the fins all dusky except the ventrals. Here described from a specimen, 255 mm. long, from Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Also placed here are 22 specimens, 8 to 10 mm., from Papeete Harbor, Tahiti, where these fish were swimming in schools about the ship. The specimens were bright silver in life, with black pectorals and honey yellow caudal. In alcohol they are silver color, but the fins have faded. Liza borneensis (Bleeker). Mugil borneensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 2, 1851, p. 201; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 3, 1859-61, p. 448; Kner, Fische, Novara Exp., 1865, p. 228; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 357, pi. 76, fig. 1; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 249. Liza borneensis Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 258. Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 9. There are 32 scales in a longi- tudinal series, plus 2 or 3 more on the caudal base, 10 or 11 in a transverse series, and 19 predorsal scales. The depth is 3.85, the head 3.15 times in the length. The eye is 3.3 times, the snout 4.1, the interorbital 2.6 times in the head. The eye is 1.6 times in the interorbital and lacks an adipose lid. The preorbital is denticulate, the maxillary visible. The stout first dorsal spine is longer than the postorbital part of the head, equal to the longest dorsal and anal rays, 1.75 times in the head. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the eleventh lateral scale, the second dorsal opposite the twentieth. The origin of the second dorsal is much behind that of the anal. The forked caudal is very little shorter than the head. The pectoral is 1.2 times in the head, the axillary scale very short. Axillary scales are well developed at the first dorsal base and ventrals. The least depth of the caudal peduncle about equals its length, 2.75 times in the head. The color in alcohol is silvery, olivaceous on the back. The fin spines and rays are speckled with dusky, the membranes colorless. This description is from a specimen 52 mm. long. I refer here 3 small specimens, 30 to 52 mm. in length, taken at Makatea Island, Tuamotu Archipelago. 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Liza troscheli (Bleeker). Mugil troschelii Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 16, 1858-59, p. 277 Java; Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 3, 1859-61, p. 448. Mugil troscheli Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 248. Liza troscheli Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 217, excluding synonymy. Dorsal IV-I, 8 or 9; anal III, 9. There are 31 to 33 scales in a longitudinal series, plus 3 or 4 more on the caudal base, 10 in a transverse series, and 18 to 20 predorsal scales. In a specimen, 65 mm. long, the depth is 3.8, the head 3.4, the caudal 3.25, the pectoral 4 times in the length. The eye is 3.8, the snout 4, the interorbital and the least depth of the caudal peduncle each 2.5 times in the head. The symphysial knob is double, the maxillary exposed when the mouth is closed. The origin of the anal is before that of the second dorsal. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the eleventh scale, that of the second dorsal opposite the twenty-first scale. The anal and soft dorsal are both covered with small scales. The deeply emarginate caudal is covered with small scales basally and along most of the upper and lower margins. The color in alcohol is bluish to brownish gray on the back, the sides paler and becoming white or yellowish beneath, with a silvery luster on the sides of the head and body, the fins all pale. Larger specimens have the fins all dusky except the ventrals, and also have a dark longitudinal streak on each row of lateral scales. Sixty specimens, 24 to 65 mm. in length, were taken on the reef at Maraa, Tahiti. A number of them vary from the above in having the origin of the second dorsal opposite that of the anal, but agree in other respects. Fourteen specimens, 18 to 35 mm. in length, were taken in Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Fifteen fine typical specimens, 103 to 150 mm. in length, were collected from a fresh-water stream flowing into Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. On the shallow sandy tidal flats of Bushman Bay 9 young specimens, 30 to 44 mm. in length, were also taken, and one, 28 mm. long, at Wala Island. Liza seheli (Forskal). Mugil seheli Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 73 Red Sea; Klunzinger, Abh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 20, 1870, p. 827; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 355; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 252. Mugil axillaris Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1836, p. 131; Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 16, 1858-59, p. 280; Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, 2, 1876-81, p. 216, pi. 120, fig. B. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 99 Dorsal IV-I, 8; anal III, 9. There are 38 to 40 scales in a longi- tudinal, 14 or 15 in a transverse series, and 21 or 22 predorsal scales. The depth is 3.7, the head 3 to 3.2 times, the caudal 3.5 to 4 times in the length. The eye is without an adipose eyelid, 3.5 to 3.7 times in the head, equal to the snout, and less than the interorbital, which is 2.5 times in the head. The upper lip is more or less fleshy, smooth, the mandible with a large double symphysial knob, the maxil- lary hidden when the mouth is closed. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the thirteenth or fourteenth scale, that of the second dorsal opposite the twenty-fourth scale, that of the anal opposite the twenty-third scale. The pectoral extends approximately to the origin of the first dorsal, 1.4 to 1.6 times in the head. The color in alcohol is steely brownish or steel gray above, the sides paler, becoming white underneath, with a silvery sheen over all. There is a dusky spot on the pectoral axil. The pectoral is yellowish, but dusky on the inner side. Thirty-two specimens were collected at Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas; not typical, owing to their small size, 26 to 52 mm. long. Two large specimens, 265 and 270 mm. long, were bought at the market in Papeete, Tahiti, and 25 specimens, 25 to 32 mm. in length, were caught on the reef at Maraa, Tahiti. One specimen, 56 mm. long, was caught in a fresh-water creek flowing into Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Chaenomugil chaptali (Eydoux and Souleyet). Mugil chaptalii Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., 1, 1841, p. 171, pi. 4, fig. 1 Hawaii. Chaenomugil chaptali Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 22, 1903, p. 438; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 140, fig. 49. Neomyxus chaptalii Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 127. Myxus (Neomyxus) sclateri Steindachner, Ichth. Beitrage, 7, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 77, 1878, p. 384. Dorsal IV-I, 9; anal III, 10. There are 43 or 44 scales in a longitudinal, 13 or 14 in a transverse series, and 26 or 27 from the first dorsal to the tip of the snout. The depth is 3.7 to 3.75, the head 3.4 to 3.5 times in the length. The eye is 3.7 times, the snout 3.2 times, the interorbital 2.5 to 2.7 times in the head. The pectoral is 1.2 or 1.25 times in the head. The emarginate caudal is a little shorter than the head. The upper lip is very thick, the lower part of the lip thickly fringed with very small, weak, pectinate teeth. 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI The narrow lower jaw is included, the maxillary entirely hidden when the mouth is closed. The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the fourteenth, of the second dorsal opposite the twenty-eighth, and of the anal opposite the twenty-fourth scale. The color in alcohol is bluish olive or steely above, becoming paler on the sides and white beneath, with a bright silvery luster over all. All the fins except the pale or yellowish ventrals are more or less dusky. Here described from nine specimens, 32 to 56 mm. long, collected at Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas. A specimen, 28 mm. long, was caught at Maraa, Tahiti. Family SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena idiastes Heller and Snodgrass. Sphyraena idiastes Heller and Snodgrass, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, 1903, p. 190, pi. 2 Seymour Island, Galapagos. Three young specimens, 36 to 42 mm. long, of this rare barracuda, were secured at Eden Island, Galapagos. They are marked by 6 or 7 large dark brown crossbars or circular spots. There is a median black line on each side of the posterior half, widening behind to a broad silvery band. The eyes and opercles are bright silver. Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum). Esox barracuda Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, 3, 1792, p. 94, after Catesby. Sphyraena barracuda Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 3, 1898, p. 2841; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 128. Sphyraena picuda Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 224. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal I, 9. There are 82 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, plus 5 more on the latter, 10 above and 9 below the line. The depth is 7.4, the head 3 times in the length. The eye is 5.75, the snout 2, the interorbital 5.35, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 5 times in the head. The body and head are elon- gate, fusiform, the lower jaw projecting, the mouth very large. The color in alcohol is gray, the back and sides mottled with irregular blackish blotches, a large black blotch on the opercle. In larger specimens these dark patches and marks disappear and the color is silvery. The second dorsal, anal, and caudal are blackish marginally. The first dorsal is dusky, the other fins yellowish. Here described from a young specimen from Nukulau Island, Fiji, 111 mm. long. Another from the same locality is only 41 mm. long. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 101 This savage and voracious fish attains a great size, reaching a length of at least 1,800 mm. One caught with rod and reel by General Leonard Wood off Cape San Agustin, Mindanao, weighed 106 pounds. These gigantic specimens live in the tide rips off long spits and inter-island channels. A specimen, only 27 mm. long, was caught at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomons. Scales 86 to the caudal base, and several more on the latter. In October, 1933, at Tinian, Marianas Islands, I caught one 5 feet 2 inches long, weighing 25 kilograms. Sphyraena jello Cuvier and Valenciennes. Sphyraena jello Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 259 Vizagapatam, on Jellow, Russell, Fishes of Coromandel, 2, 1803, p. 59, pi. 174 Vizagapatam. Dorsal V-II, 8; anal II, 8. There are 119 to 122 scales in the lateral line, plus 10 or 11 on the caudal. The depth is 7.3 to 7.6, the head 3.15 to 3.2 times in the length. The large eye is 5 to 5.4 times in the head, 2.38 times in the snout. The interorbital is slightly more than the eye, 4.56 to nearly 4.7 times in the head. The snout is a trifle more than twice in the head. The angle of the preoperculum is broadly rounded. The length of the pectoral is 2.7 to 2.8 times in the head. The origin of the first dorsal is above the tip of the pectoral and behind the origin of the ventral. The tips of the broadly forked caudal are broken. The fins are more or less dusky or blackish, the ventral yellow. Behind the pectoral there is a large blackish brown spot. The pectoral is yellow on its basal half, the rest colorless, its inner side largely blackish. A specimen, 365 mm. long, was purchased at Suva. While the Illyria was lying at anchor one night about nine o'clock in Suva Harbor, a specimen, 410 mm. long, jumped aboard. The water was perfectly calm, and to land upon the deck the barracuda had to leap at least twelve feet from the surface in order to clear the rail. Family POLYNEMIDAE Polynemus plebeius Broussonet. Polynemus plebeius Broussonet, Ichthyologia, 1782, p. 23, pi. 8 (pages and plates not numbered) Pacific Ocean, near Otaheite, near Tanna Island. Polynemus plebejus Giinther, Fische der Stidsee,. 1, 1873-75, p. 103, pi. 77, fig. A; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 202. Polydactylus plebeius Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 219; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p.[l30. 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Dorsal VIII-I, 13; anal II, 11. There are 62 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, plus about 15 more on the latter, 8 above and 12 below the line; pectoral filaments 5. The depth is 3.5, the head 3.3, the caudal 2.37, the pectoral 4.6, and the pectoral filaments 2.64 times in the length. The eye is 3.85, the snout 4.66, the inter- orbital 4, and the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.15 times in the head. The body is elongate, the conical snout prominent, the mouth inferior and extending far beyond the eye, the caudal very deeply forked, with elongate, pointed lobes. The pectoral rays are all simple. The color in alcohol is somewhat dusky above, the rest yellowish, with dark lines running lengthwise between the rows of scales, the fins more or less dusky, and a large blackish spot on the opercle. The longitudinal lines are plainest above, disappearing on the belly. Here described from a fine specimen, 185 mm. long, taken at Wala Island, New Hebrides. Three specimens, 56, 65, and 80 mm. long, were collected at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. The smallest of these has the pectorals and ventrals black, but the free pectoral filaments are yellowish. The dorsals and caudal are also dusky with minute black specks. Broussonet described this fish under the name plebeius, and not plebejus as often given. The plebejits appears on a title page listing the species, but the description is under the other form of the word. Polynemus indicus Shaw. Polynemus indicus Shaw, Gen. Zool., 5, 1804, p. 155 Indian Seas; Giinther Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 2, 1860, p. 326; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 179 Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 4, 1922, p. 205. Polydactylus indicus Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 131. Dorsal VIII-I, 13; anal II or III, 11. There are 65 scales in th lateral line, plus 5 or 6 on the caudal base, 8 scales between th< dorsal origin and the lateral line, and 12 from the latter to the ana origin. The depth of the elongate body is 3.3 to 3.7, the head 3.25 to 3.5 times in the length. The eye is 4.2 to 4.4 in the head, covere< by a large adipose lid, a little shorter than the interorbital space The bluntly conical snout is a little less than the eye. The large inferior mouth extends far behind the eye. The teeth are very small in narrow bands in the jaws, those on the palatines in a broad bane anteriorly which is much narrowed posteriorly, the vomer with small rounded patch. The first dorsal and anal spines are very small or minute. The second dorsal and anal are deeply concave 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 103 posteriorly. The caudal is deeply forked with long pointed lobes, much longer than the head. There are 5 free pectoral filaments, the first and second longest, equal to or longer than the head, ex- tending beyond the tip of the ventrals. The distance between the ventral and anal origins is equal to or a little more or less than the head length. The color in alcohol is light brown, becoming yellowish beneath, with blackish longitudinal lines along the sides, along the upper and lower margins of the rows of scales. There is a large dusky spot on the opercle. The fins are all dusky or basally yellowish and the remainder dusky, the ventrals mostly pale. Here described from 2 specimens obtained at the market in Papeete, Tahiti, where this fish was abundant in February. They are 192 and 204 mm. in length. Polynemus sexfilis Cuvier and Valenciennes. Polynemus sexfilis Cuvier and Valenciennes, 7, 1831, p. 515 Mauritius; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 178, pi. 43, fig. 1. Polydactylus sexfilis Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 1, 1900 (1901), p. 67; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 144; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 131. Dorsal VII-I, 12 or 13; anal III, 11 or 12; 62 to 66 scales in the lateral line and 15 to 19 more on the caudal base; 8 scales above and 12 or 13 below the lateral line. The depth is 3.1 to 3.2 times, the head 3.25 to 3.35 times in the length. The eye is 4 to 4.6 times in the head, with a large adipose eyelid. The second dorsal spine is longest, equal to the longest pectoral and anal rays, about 1.35 times in the head. The second dorsal and anal are highest anteriorly, with concave posterior border, the second dorsal about 1.2 times in the head. There are 6 pectoral filaments, 2.85 to 3 times in the length. The depth of the long, much compressed caudal peduncle is 1.9 to 2 times in the head. The body is deep, much compressed, with a conical snout which projects practically its whole length beyond the large inferior mouth. The color in life is silvery, the fins dusky. In alcohol the color is silvery white, with 18 longitudinal blackish lines, dusky above, the under side white. The spinous dorsal is tipped with black, the other fins are all more or less dusky. This good food fish is plentiful at Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas, where we caught many with a seine. Eleven specimens, 110 to 168 mm. in length, were kept. The species likewise occurred 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI in abundance at Nuka Hiva Island, where 2 specimens, 280 and 290 mm. long, were obtained. Family SCOMBRIDAE Pneumatophorus peruanus Jordan and Hubbs. Pneumatophorus peruanus Jordan and Hubbs, footnote and key in Mem. Carnegie Mus., 10, 1925, p. 211. Several schools of this fish were seen in the Galapagos Islands, particularly in the channel between Albemarle and Narborough Islands and in Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. About 35 large specimens were caught one night with the aid of electric light. Most of them were taken with dip nets, a few with hook and line. They were placed in the refrigerator but the steward threw them overboard very early next morning before any could be preserved. These fish were 400 mm. or more in length. This is a very handsome fish, brilliant steel merging into greenish blue above and blue black on top of the head, the sides silvery iridescent with small dusky blotches. Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker). Scomber brachysoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 1, 1850, p. 356 Batavia, Java; Jordan and Dickerson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34, 1908, p. 609, fig. 3 Suva, Fiji; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 132. Dorsal IX-I, 11-VI; anal I, 11-V. There are 144 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, plus 10 on the fin. Jordan and Dick- erson give 130, Fowler 120 scales, so that the number is evidently subject to considerable variation. The scales are arranged in curved and somewhat irregular lines, those on the sides and belly being much larger than those above the lateral line. The depth is 3.2 in the length. Measured to the end of the opercular flap the head is 3 times, measured to the upper angle of the gill opening 3.44 times, in the length. The eye is 3.5 times in the head. The adipose lid is very conspicuous, covering the anterior fourth and posterior half of the eye and extending far forward and backward from the eye. The mouth is very large, the jaws even, the maxillary mostly concealed under the preorbital and extending backwan nearly to a point beneath the rear margin of the eye. The short broad pectoral is twice in the head. The least depth of the cauda peduncle is 7.8 times in the head. There are 2 small keels on each side of the caudal peduncle. The caudal is a little shorter than the head, its lobes widely extended, the lower one the longer, the distance between the tips of the lobes 2.6 times in the length. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 105 The color in alcohol is dark bluish on the back, brownish on the sides, becoming yellowish white below. The dorsal, caudal, and pectoral are lightly margined with black. The ventral and anal are yellowish. One specimen, 262 mm. long, was obtained at Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill). Scomber maculatus Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1, 1815, p. 426 New York. Scomberomorus maculatus Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 2, 1882, p. 106; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 874, pi. 134, fig. 368; Meek and Hildebrand, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 15, 1923, p. 324. Scomberomorus sierra Jordan and Starks, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 5, 1895, p. 428; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, 1905, p. 361. Dorsal XVII or XVIII-16 to 18-VIII or IX; anal II, 15 to 17-VIII or IX. The body is elongate, slender and compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines about alike, the back low, the long, low head sharply pointed; the head 2.5 to 3 times in the length. The eye is 4.5 to 5.5 times in the head. Several specimens of this very handsome fish were caught by trolling in or near Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos, but were too large to preserve. In life the sides are sprinkled with numerous golden spots which contrast beautifully with the shining silvery sides. The dorsal region is bluish green. Family THUNNIDAE Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus). Scomber pelamis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 297. Thynnus pelamys Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 8, 1831, p. 113, pi. 214; Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 1847, p. 96, pi. 49. Gymnosarda pelamis Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 868. Euthynnus pelamis Tanaka, Fishes Japan, 1-10, 1912, p. 140, pis. 37, 39, 40; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 133. Katsuwonus pelamis Kishinouye, Journ. Coll. Agric., Tokyo, 8, 1923, p. 453, figs. 5, 14, 19, 25, 53, 57. Many schools of the oceanic bonito were seen in the Galapagos Islands and on the voyage from that group to the Marquesas, as well as elsewhere during the cruise of the Illyria. Some specimens were caught in the channel off Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, in 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI the Galapagos, but none were kept. When the Illyria lay to off Raratonga it was interesting to watch the islanders in their small canoes out in the tremendous swell. Forty or more boats were out catching bonito in a sea so heavy that we were unable to make a landing. The oceanic bonito is recognized at sight by having 4 longi- tudinal dark bands on the side, below the lateral line. It occurs in great abundance along the coast of North Borneo and in the Philippines. In Mindanao, Panay (Antique Province), and along the coast of Batangas Province, Luzon, great numbers are caught at times in fish corrals. In Borneo waters and around the north end of the Philippines Japanese fishermen from Formosa catch many with hook and line. Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus). Scomber thynnus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 297 pelagic. Thunnus thynnus Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 2, 1860, p. 362; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-76, p. 150; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 870; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6, 1905, p. 361; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 133. One or two specimens of tuna were taken in the channel between Albemarle and Narborough Islands, Galapagos, near Tagus Cove, but were not kept because of their size. This giant mackerel is found in all warm seas and at times is abundant in Philippine waters. Neothunnus macropterus (Schlegel). Thynnus macropterus Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 1847, p. 98, pi. 51. Germo macropterus Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 228. Neothunnus macropterus Kishinouye, Journ. Coll. Agric., Tokyo, 8, 1923, p. 446, figs. 13, 19, 23, 45, 51; Jordan and Evermann, Occ. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 12, 1926, p. 20, pi. 3, fig. 3, and pi. 5; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 134. Germo germo Jordan and Evermann (not of Lac^pede), Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 174. Neothunnus itosibi Jordan and Evermann, Occ. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 12, 1926, p. 22, pi. 6. Several specimens of this large and handsome albacore were hooked off Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos, and one was caught but was too large to preserve. I have examined many hundreds of this fine fish, alive, just taken from the water, and after preservation in ice, in the Philippines, 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 107 and have also examined vast numbers of them in Japan. I agree with the late Dr. Kishinouye that there is no difference between those with the anterior dorsal and anal lobes of ordinary height and those in which the lobes, particularly the anal, extend to the caudal base or beyond. In a lot of several hundred caught in a fish corral at one time, or among twenty tons caught with hook and line at one time, there would be every gradation in the length of the dorsal and anal lobes. Sometimes the anal, more rarely the dorsal, lobe would be elongated and the other remain comparatively short. My obser- vations have been made upon specimens ranging in weight from 30 to 40 pounds up to those weighing nearly 400 pounds, their lengths varying from two-thirds of a meter to nearly three meters. This albacore ranges over almost the whole Pacific north of the equator in the tropical and warm temperate regions. It is abundant from the Galapagos to the coast of California, about the Hawaiian Islands, and everywhere from the north coast of New Guinea, the Moluccas, Celebes, and Borneo, northward to the Bonin Islands and Japan. It is rare north of 35 N. Lat. The bright yellow dorsal and anal finlets, together with the long pectoral which extends past the origin of the second dorsal, readily distinguish this albacore from other large mackerel-like fishes re- lated to it. Sarda chiliensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Pelamys chiliensis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 8, 1831, p. 163 Valparaiso, Chile. Sarda chiknsis Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 872; Meek and Hildebrand, Marine Fishes Panama, 1, 1923, p. 318; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 134. Dorsal XVIII-I, 12 or 13-VIII; anal II, 11-VI or VII. The body is wholly covered with scales with a distinct corselet in the pectoral region. The vomer is toothless, the jaws and palatines with rather strong, conical teeth of about equal size, curved inward. The color is dark steel-blue above, paler to silvery below. On the back and sides are about 5 blackish lines or stripes running obliquely upward and backward. The anal and ventrals are pale, the other fins more or less blackish. Two or three specimens of the skipjack or California bonito were taken while trolling near Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos. None were kept, because of their size and the difficulty of preservation. 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Family GEMPYLIDAE Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco. Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Sicilia, 42, 1829, p. 21 Messina; Lowe, Fishes Madeira, 1843-60, p. 121; Goode and Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology, 1895, p. 196, pi. 57, fig. 210; Waite, Mem. Austr. Mus., 3, 1899, p. 539. Dorsal XIV or XV-III, 15-11; anal III, 14-11. There are 98 scales in a longitudinal series plus 5 more on the caudal base, and 26 to 29 in a transverse series from the origin of the second dorsal to the anal origin. The compressed, elongate body is highest over the pectoral base, the anterior profile boldly convex, the lower jaw strongly projecting. The depth is 4.9 to 5.25, the head 3.45 to 3.5, the caudal 4.2 to 4.4 times in the length. The head is large, with long, steeply descending snout. The very large circular eye is 4.3 to 4.7, the snout 2.8 to 2.85, the interorbital 3.8 to 3.9, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 5.5 to 5.8, the pectoral 1.85 to 2 times in the head. The mouth is large, with the maxillary extending to the posterior margin of the eye and with conspicuous, backward pointing teeth, those of the lower jaw largest. There are teeth also on the vomer and palatines. There are many bony plates in the skin, each ending in one or more spines so that the surface is very rough and the fish difficult to handle. At the base of each spine is a pore. The abdomen is keeled posteriorly. The color in alcohol is clear dark brown, the fins black or blackish. Described from 2 specimens from Tahiti, 613 and 702 mm. long. The whole fish is very oily, so that even in handling alcoholic specimens one's fingers fairly drip with oil. The flesh is very savory and highly prized, but the oil it contains acts as a very rapid and powerful purgative. This deep-sea fish has a very wide distribution in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and is well known to the natives throughout Polynesia and Micronesia. It is taken with hook and line at depths of 100 to 400 fathoms. The Castor-Oil Fish is caught only in the dark of the moon, when the sea is calm, a kilometer or more from shore, far out beyond the reefs. At Tahiti it commonly occurs from 1 to 2 meters in length, and there are trustworthy accounts of the capture of specimens 3 meters in length at other islands. To land successfully these great fish with only a frail canoe to work from, requires great skill. Dr. E. W. Gudger has written two interesting papers on the peculiar hooks used in taking the ruvettus (Wooden Hooks Used 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 109 for Catching Sharks and Ruvettus in the South Seas, Anthro. Pap., Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 28, part 3, pp. 199-348, 92 figs.; The Dis- tribution of Ruvettus, the Oil Fish, throughout the South Seas, Amer. Nat., 62, 1928, pp. 467-477). Dr. Max Weber has described Ruvettus tydemani from Binongka Island, East Indies, and Jordan has called specimens from Honolulu Ruvettus padficus, changing this later to R. tydemani, but I do not believe these specimens differ in essentials from R. pretiosus. Family XIPHIIDAE Xiphias gladius Linnaeus. Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 248 Europe; Bloch, Ichtyologie, 3, 1786, p. 23, pi. 76; Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 8, 1831, p. 255, pis. 225, 226, and 231; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 168, fig. 61. A photograph of a specimen more than two meters in length was seen at Suva, Fiji. The fish was caught off the coast of Viti Levu, not far from Suva. The swordfish occurs throughout the tropical Pacific, as well as in all warm seas of both hemispheres. It is occasionally caught with hook and line or harpooned, from the Bay of Panama and the Galapagos to the Philippines. The flat, elongated, powerful sword and absence of ventrals distinguish this fish from its relatives, the spearfish and the sailfish. Family CORYPHAENIDAE Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus. Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 261 open sea; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 952, pi. 149, fig. 402. Two young specimens, 46 and 50 mm. in length, were captured at Tagus Cove, by the aid of electric light. Dorsal 56; anal 26. Numerous adults were seen in the Gulf of Panama, at Cocos Island, all through the Galapagos Archipelago, and in fact throughout our entire Pacific voyage, but none were captured. This far-ranging, swiftly moving, and very handsome fish is found in all warm seas, and is often seen leaping in the air when feeding. Its colors of green and gold, with iridescent sheen, are exceedingly beautiful in life. 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Family CARANGIDAE Scomberoides tol (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Tol Parah Russell, Fishes Coromandel, 1803, p. 29, pi. 138. Chorinemus tol Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 8, 1831, p. 385; Gtinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 2, 1860, p. 473. Chorinemus moadetta Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 230, pi. 51B, fig. 1 in part. Dorsal VII-I, 20; anal II-I, 19. Depth 3.5 to 3.6, head 3.5 to 3.65, caudal 4.5 to 5.3 times in the length. The eye is 3.33 to 3.66, the snout 3 to 3.15 times in the head. The maxillary extends be- neath the anterior portion of the eye. The needle-like scales lie close together and are very small. The color in alcohol is silvery, with 2 or 3 rows of dark spots on the sides. The dorsal is more or less blackish, the soft dorsal with a black margin. Described from 3 young specimens, 31 to 40 mm. in length, taken by electric light at Tulagi Harbor, Solomon Islands. Scomberoides toloo-parah (Riippell). Lichia toloo-parah Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 1828, p. 91 Massaua, Red Sea. Scomberoides toloo-parah Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 180; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 267; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 140. Dorsal I-VII-II, 19; anal II-I, 18. The depth of the fusiform, compressed body is 3.4 to 3.75, the head 3.6 to 4 times in the length. The eye is 3.6 times in the head, the snout little if any longer than the eye. The deeply forked caudal is a trifle shorter than the head. The mouth is large, with prominent lower jaw, the maxillary extend- ing to the posterior edge of the pupil. The least depth of the caudal peduncle equals or is slightly less than the eye. The color in alcohol is dark bluish dusky above, the sides below the lateral line pinkish white. There is a dark spot on the opercle and the upper part of the dorsal lobe is black. Described here from 2 young specimens, 54 and 66 mm. long from Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus). Scomber cordyla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 298. Megalaspis cordyla Jordan and Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, 1902, p 336; Seno, Rep. Fish. Formosa, 1910, pi. 7, fig. 1; Wakiya, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 15, 1924, p. 147, pi. 15, fig. 1 ; Oshima, Phil. Journ. Sci., 26, 1925, p. 364 Caranx rottleri Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 2, 1876-81, p. 130. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 111 Dorsal VIII-I, 10-IX; anal II-I, 8-VIII. There are 50 scutes in the lateral line. The depth of the elongate, fusiform body is equal to the head, 3.8 times in the length. The eye is 4.6, the snout 3.28, the interorbital 4.2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 9 times in the head. An adipose eyelid covers all the eye but the central part of the pupil. The maxillary extends below the middle of the eye. The minute teeth are in a very narrow band on the upper jaw, a single series on the lower jaw, and are also on the vomer, palatines, and tongue. Greatly developed scutes are present on the entire straight portion of the lateral line and are very strong on the tail. The caudal peduncle is nearly twice as broad as deep. The elongate, falcate pectoral exceeds the head and is 3.6 times in the length, the deeply forked caudal about 5 times. The color in alcohol is bluish to brownish above, very pale yellow- ish below. There is a circular black spot on the opercle. The anterior margin of the spinous dorsal, top of the soft dorsal lobe, and the posterior margin of the caudal are black or blackish. Here described from a specimen, 180 mm. long, collected at Bush- man Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. This swift, far-ranging fish reaches a large size. I have often observed them a meter or more in length, in the Philippines. Decapterus lajang Bleeker. Decapterus lajang Bleeker, Vif. Bijdr. Ichth. Ternate, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 8, 1855, p. 302; Wakiya, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 15, 1924, p. 155. Dorsal VIII-I, 35-1; anal II-I, 29-1. There are 110 scales in the lateral line, with 28 scutes on the posterior part. The depth of the elongate, moderately compressed body is 4.9 times, the head 3.7 times, the pectoral 5.7 times in the length. The eye is 4 times in the head, 1.3 times in the snout, which is 3 times in the head. The interorbital is 0.9 of the eye, 4.4 in the head. The maxillary extends to the anterior border of the eye, its posterior end concave, its length 3 times in that of the head. The teeth in the jaws are very fine, in a single row, those of the lower jaw much more evident than those above. The vomerine teeth are in a T-shaped band. The palatines are toothed, the tongue with a median longitudinal band. The lateral line is scarcely arched, becoming straight beneath the fifteenth dorsal ray, the curved part longer than the straight portion. The pectoral equals the head without the snout. The caudal is widely but not very deeply forked, 6 times in the length. The color in alcohol is grayish blue above, white below, with a silver luster over all. The caudal is light dusky, the other fins 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI pale to whitish. There is a well-defined black opercular spot. In life the dorsal region was blue green or greenish blue, white below, the lower half shining silver; no stripes or longitudinal bands. Here described from a specimen, 148 mm. long, captured in a school of Trachurops macrophthalmus, taken at Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas. Decapterus sanctae-helenae (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Caranx sanctae-helenae Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 9, 1833, p. 37; Gtinther, Fische der Siidsee, 2, 1876-81, p. 130. Decapterus sanctae-helenae Steindachner, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 70, 1901, p. 495; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 143. Caranx pinnulatus Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., 1, 1841, p. 165, pi. 3, fig. 2. Decapterus pinnulatus Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 186, pi. 30. Caranx muroadsi Temminck and Schlegel, 1847, p. 108, pi. 58, fig. 1. Decapterus muroadsi Wakiya, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 15, 1924, 152, pi. 16, fig. 1. Dorsal VIII-I, 33-1; anal II-I, 27-1. There are 26 or 27 scutes in the lateral line. The depth is 5.14, the head 4.2 times in the length. The snout is 3, the eye 4 times in the head. The interorbital equals the eye. The least depth of the caudal peduncle is 6.4, the second dorsal spine 1.9, the pectoral 1.7 times in the head. The elongate, fusiform body is plump, the head pointed, the large adipose lid covering most of the eye. The forked caudal is broken in my specimen. In alcohol the color is blackish steel-blue above, the sides and under parts light brown. Traces are visible of a reddish brown band extending from above the pectoral base to the caudal base. There is a black spot on the upper part of the opercular margin and another in the axil of the pectoral. Here described from a specimen, 270 mm. long, purchased in the market, Papeete, Tahiti. Trachurops macrophthalmus (Riippell). Caranx macrophthalmus Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 1828, p. 97, pi. 25, fig. 4. Selar macrophthalmus Wakiya, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 15, 1924, p. 160, pi. 18, fig. 3. Dorsal VIII-I, 26; anal II-I, 22; scutes 35. The depth is 3.6 times, the head 3.1 to 3.3 times, the pectoral 3.8 to 4 times in the length. The eye is 3.2 times in the head, equal to the snout, and 1.37 times greater than the interorbital space, which is 4.5 to 4.7 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 113 times in the head. The body is elongate, moderately compressed, the back little elevated, the dorsal and ventral profiles very much alike. The large eye is covered by a very large adipose eyelid which extends both before and behind the eye. The mouth is large, oblique, with the lower jaw projecting, the posterior end of the maxillary extending beneath the front margin of the pupil. The color in alcohol is brown or purplish brown above, pale to whitish below, with a silvery luster over all. The dorsals are dusky, the caudal yellowish to brownish. The other fins are pale to whitish. At Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas, several thousand specimens were taken with a large seine. Six were retained, their lengths from 145 to 195 mm. This species was abundant in market at Papeete, Tahiti, in February; 4 specimens were bought, 159 to 174 mm. long. Two specimens from Suva, Fiji, are 210 and 240 mm. long. In them the depth is 3.1, the head 3.1, the pectoral 3.37 to 3.5 times in the length. The eye is 3 times in the head, equal to the snout and 1.5 times the interorbital. Dorsal VIII-I, 26; anal II-I, 20 to 22. Caranx ignobilis (Forskal). Scomber ignobilis Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 55 Red Sea. Caranx ignobilis Klunzinger, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 80, part 1, 1879, p. 377; Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1884, p. 100; Jordan and Ever- mann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 188, fig. 72, not synonymy; Wakiya, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 15, 1924, p. 193, pi. 27, fig. 3. Caranx hippoides Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 22, 1903, p. 443, fig. 15. Dorsal VIII-I, 21; anal II-I, 17; scutes 30-32. The depth is 2.3, the head 2.8 to 3 times in the length. The eye is 4 to 4.5 times, the snout 2.9 to 3 times, the interorbital 4 to 4.4 times in the head. The strongly compressed, oblong body is elevated, the profile from the origin of the spinous dorsal to the tip of the snout boldly and steeply arched. The lateral line is moderately curved, the arched part 1.25 times in the straight portion. The height of the soft dorsal lobe equals half its base. The breast is naked below, except for a small patch of minute scales before the ventrals. The pectoral is long, falcate, extending to the base of the seventh anal ray, 2.8 times in the length. The widely forked caudal about equals the head. The color in alcohol is bluish to brownish gray above, white below, with a silvery luster over all. The dorsals are dusky or brownish, the other fins all pale, or the dorsals, anal, and caudal more or less dusky. There is a blackish spot in the pectoral axil. 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Eleven specimens, 52 to 172 mm. long, were collected at Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas, and one specimen, 121 mm. long, at Moorea, one of the Society Islands. Some of the specimens from Atuona are very close to C. jarra, as defined by Wakiya. Four specimens, 60 to 126 mm. in length, were taken at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Caranx melampygus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Caranx melampygus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 9, 1833, p. 116 Waigiu, Rawak, Buru, Vanicolo, Isle de France; Jordan and Jordan, Fishes Hawaii, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 10, 1922, p. 39; Jordan, E. K., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 66, 1925, p. 15. Caranx forsteri Jordan and Evermann (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes), Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 191. Dorsal VIII-I, 23; anal II-I, 19; scutes 37 or 38. The depth is 2.5, the head 3 times in the length. The eye is 3.8 times in the head, a little less than the interorbital, and 1.28 times in the snout, which is a trifle less than 3 times in the head. The body is oblong, with a regularly curved anterior profile. The curved part of the lateral line is 1.4 times in the straight portion, which begins beneath the fifth dorsal ray. The breast is completely scaled. The dorsal spines are short and weak, 2.2 to 2.3 times in the head. The soft dorsal lobe is 1.9 times in the head, 2.35 times in the base of the fin. The long, falcate pectoral and deeply forked caudal equal the head. The color in alcohol is olive above, paler below, the soft dorsal and anal lobes blackish, the caudal dusky with a whitish posterior marginal line, the pectorals yellowish. There is no opercular spot. This species and C. stellatus are very closely related. Here described from 3 specimens, 77 to 83 mm. in length, collected at Bora Bora Island. I also place here a specimen, 85 mm. long, from Moorea, and 2 specimens, 63 and 65 mm. long, from Nukulau Island, Fiji. At Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas, I saw several gigantic carangids, probably of this species, which were caught by native fishermen trolling in their canoes outside the harbor. Two of the fish were each about 1,300 mm. in length, exclusive of the caudal. They were thick and bulky and must have weighed almost 35 kilograms apiece. The smallest fishes of this lot were nearly a meter in length. Caranx sansun (Forskal). Scomber sansun Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 56 Red Sea. Caranx sansun Wakiya, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 15, 1924, p. 197, pi. 28, figs. 1 and 2. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 115 Dorsal VIII-1, 22; anal II-1, 18. There are 30 scutes in the lateral line, plus 4 more on the caudal base. The depth is 2.75 times, the head nearly 3.5 times in the length. The eye is 5 times, the snout 2.9 times in the head. The long, falcate pectoral is about 2.6 times in the length and is 1.3 times the head. The arc of the lateral line is nearly 1.3 times in the straight part. There is an opercular spot. The breast is naked on the under surface only, with a small patch of minute scales before the ventrals. The color in alcohol is brownish silver below the lateral line, darker above, the predorsal region, nape, and snout more or less leaden in hue. The dorsals are gray to yellowish gray, edged with blackish. The caudal is yellowish, the upper lobe darker than the lower, edged posteriorly with blackish. The anal is pale yellowish, with dusky markings basally. The pectorals are dusky gray with a blackish axillary spot. The ventrals are yellow. A specimen, 295 mm. long, was taken at Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas Group, and 2, 115 and 136 mm. in length, were collected in the Papenoo River, Tahiti, near its mouth. Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard. Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1825, p. 358, pi. 65, fig. 4 lies de Papous; Jordan and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 231; Wakiya, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 15, 1924, p. 184, pi. 25, figs. 3 and 4. Dorsal VIII-I, 21; anal II-I, 18; scutes 30-31. The depth is 2.5 to 2.6 times, the head 3.3 times in the length. The oblong body is much compressed, the anterior dorsal profile regularly and evenly arched from the origin of the soft dorsal to the tip of the snout. The eye is prominent, 3.3 to 3.5 times in the head, equal to the snout and approximately equal to the interorbital. The maxillary extends to the posterior margin of the pupil or a little farther. The curved portion of the lateral line is 1.5 to 1.6 times in the straight portion, which begins beneath the fifth dorsal ray. I The pectoral and caudal are slightly shorter than the head. The | lobe of the soft dorsal is low, 1.8 times in the head. The breast is j entirely scaly. The color in life is bluish gray above, white on the lower half, j with a bright silvery sheen over all and 5 to 7 broad, darker vertical crossbands as wide as or wider than the eye. The first one crosses the j eye, the second is before the first dorsal and descends to the opercle. I These two bands are often very indistinct or disappear. There is a small black spot above the gill opening. The anal and pectorals 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI are pale yellowish gray to colorless. The dorsals are dusky, the caudal yellowish gray basally, edged posteriorly with black. Often the dorsal is rather clear, the soft dorsal tipped posteriorly with black. Of this common and widespread fish 11 specimens were obtained from a fresh-water creek at Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas, their lengths varying from 58 to 86 mm. From the Papenoo River, Tahiti, 6 specimens, 73 to 132 mm. long, were collected, and at Maraa, Tahiti, 2 specimens, 65 and 71 mm. long, were taken on the coral reef. A specimen, 55 mm. long, was caught in a small river near Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji, and in the Rewa River on the same island, 25 miles from the sea, was taken another of the same length. Both specimens from Fiji showed 7 crossbands. At Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides, a specimen, 69 mm. long, was taken from a fresh-water creek. Three specimens, from 83 to 92 mm. in length, were seined from a fresh-water creek at Auki, Malaita Island, in the Solomon Islands. Caranx stellatus Eydoux and Souleyet. Caranx stellatiis Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Poiss., 1841, p. 167, pi. 3 fig. 2 Hawaiian Islands; Jordan, E. K., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 66, 1925, p. 15. Caranx melampygus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 2, 1876, p. 133, pi. 86 Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905) p. 192. Dorsal VIII-I, 22 or 23; anal II-I, 19 or 20; scutes 37 or 38. The depth is 2.6 to 2.7, the head 3.3 times in the length. The eye is 5.25 times in the head, nearly 1.5 times in the interorbital, and nearly twice (1.95) in the snout, which is 2.7 times in the head. The falcate pectoral is 2.6 to 2.7 times in the length. The body is much compressed, the nape elevated, the anterior profile descending in a bold and nearly straight line to the snout tip. The lower jaw is slightly projecting. The eye has a well-developed adipose lid posteriorly. The dorsal spines are short and weak, the longest 2.4 to 3.3 times in the head. The pectoral is very long, reaching to above the seventh anal ray. The deeply forked caudal equals the head, the lower lobe the longer. The breast is scaly. There is no opercular spot. The lateral line is moderately curved, the curved part 1.3 times in the straight part which begins below the fifth dorsal ray. In life this is a beautiful fish, perhaps the handsomest of the carangids. The dorsal region and vertical fins are blue, glowing as if incandescent, while spots of dark blue on the upper part of the sides gleam like jewels. The rest of the fish is brilliant silver. The 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 117 pectorals are yellow. In alcohol the color is whitish to grayish silvery, with a narrow black band below the base of the dorsal. The upper part of the sides usually has some small dark or blackish spots. The vertical fins are blackish, with the first ray and tips black. The pectorals are gray to yellowish, the caudal dusky, especially posteriorly. Here described from 2 specimens from Papeete, Tahiti, 255 and 260 mm. in length. I also place here 4 young specimens, 78 to 99 mm. long, collected at Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas group. Three specimens, 192 to 250 mm. in length, were taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, and one, 284 mm. long, at Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, in the Solomons. Trachinotus bailloni (Lace"pede). Casesiomorus baillonii Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 5, 1801, pp. 121, 122, pi. 3, fig. 1, on Commerson MS. Trachinotus baillonii Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 8, 1831, p. 431; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 271, pi. 2, fig. 1. Trachynotus baillonii Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 2, 1860, p. 484; Fische der Siidsee, 2, 1876-81, p. 139. Dorsal VI-I, 23 or 24; anal II-I, 22 or 23. There are 92 tubulated scales in the lateral line, and about 10 more on the caudal base. The depth is 2.3, the head 3.8, the caudal 1.8 times in the length. The eye is 3.4 to 3.7, the snout 3.7 to 3.9, the least depth of the caudal peduncle about 2.9, the pectoral about 1.4 times in the head. The body is elongate-ovate, strongly compressed, the caudal very deeply forked, the lobes with very elongate tips. The anterior dorsal and anal rays are greatly elongate, the former extending to the end of the fin, the anal lobe often reaching to the caudal base. The maxillary extends beneath the anterior part of the pupil. The color in alcohol is blackish or dusky bluish above, the sides yellowish or silvery white, with 5 circular black spots in a row on the lateral line, the 2 or 3 middle ones largest and darkest, the others inconspicuous or often wanting. Two fine specimens, 210 and 214 mm. long, were taken at Bush- man Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Family NEMATISTIIDAE Nematistius pectoralis Gill. Nematistius pedoralis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 259 Cape San Lucas; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI p. 895, pi. 138, fig. 377; Meek and Hildebrand, Fishes of Panama, Fielc Mus. Nat. Hist... Zool. Ser., 5, 1923, p. 330. This fine and very striking looking fish took the hook freeb at Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos. A number of h specimens were taken, but none were retained. It may be known at once by the dorsal spines, all but the first one being greatly elongate and filiform. Family LEIOGNATHIDAE Leiognathus fasciatus (Lace"pede). Clupea fasciata Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 1803, pp. 191 and 240 de France, after Commerson. Equula fasciata Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 243, pi. 51C, fig. 2. Leiognathus fasciatus Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25 1905 (1906), p. 273; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10 1928, p. 153. Dorsal VIII, 16 or 17; anal III, 14. There are 50 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 or 4 more on the caudal base, 9 above an about 20 below. The very deciduous scales have nearly all falle: in my specimens. The depth is 2.5, the head 3.3 to 3.4 times in th length. The eye is 3.4 to 3.66, the snout 2.85, the least depth of th caudal peduncle 4.4 to 4.8, the pectoral 1.66 times in the head The caudal equals the head. The body is much compressed, elongate ellipsoid, the dorsal and ventral profiles about equally curved, the caudal peduncle very slender, the caudal fin forked. The second dorsal spine is elongated, from two-thirds of the head in smaller specimens to more than the head in larger specimens. The second anal spine is stout and long, about three-fourths of the head. Day remarks that the lateral line ceases before the base of the caudal fin, but that is only true where the very loosely attached scales have been rubbed off. The color in alcohol is pale brownish, with irregular and more or less vertical darker brown markings on the upper half of the body and a large blackish spot on the opercle. The spinous dorsal is blackish marginally, the fins otherwise pale. Described from 6 specimens, 55 to 79 mm. long, from Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. I also refer here 9 specimens from the same locality, 37 to 63 mm. in length. They have 55 or 56 tubulated scales in the lateral line to the caudal base. Leiognathus dussumieri (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Equulus dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 10, 1835, p. 56, pi. 283 Coromandel coast; Cuvier, Regne Anim., Poiss., Disciples 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 119 ed., 1836, pi. 62, fig. 1; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 2, 1860, p. 500; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 239, pi. 52, fig. 2. Dorsal VIII, 16; anal III, 14. There are 58 or 59 scales of the lateral line with tubules, plus 3 more on the caudal base. The depth is 2 to 2.1, the head 3 times in the length. The second dorsal spine is stout, 2.3 to 2.4 times in the depth, and the third spine is slender and nearly as long. The longest anal spine is a little less than the second dorsal spine; the lower margin of the preopercle is serrated. There is a dusky band from the shoulder to the caudal, broad in the middle of the body. There is a number of irregular vertical dusky streaks and blotches below the dorsal and nape extending to the middle of the body. There is no black blotch on the spinous dorsal, but there is a blackish line at the dorsal base and a black spot under the pectoral axil. Three specimens, 40 to 42 mm. in length, were taken from the Mbureta River, Ovalau Island, Fiji. Family APOGONIDAE Apogon atradorsatus Heller and Snodgrass. Apogon atradorsatus Heller and Snodgrass, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, 1903, p. 192, pi. 3 Charles Island, Galapagos. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 25 scales in the lateral line, 3 above and 11 below it. The depth is 3.2, the head 2.64 times in the length. The large eye is 3.1 times, the snout 4.4, the interorbital 4.2 times in the head. The narrow, pointed pectoral is 1.5 times, the emarginate caudal 1.4 times in the head. The color in alcohol is reddish brown, becoming dusky above and much paler on the throat and belly, profusely dotted with minute red brown specks. The first dorsal is dusky, the dorsal and anal rays black on the outer half or all but the basal portion, the caudal black. The other fins are pale. The opercle and the region immediately behind its lower part have a pearly or silvery luster. The sides of the head and body may have a purplish sheen. Speci- mens may bleach till the body is yellowish, with a silvery sheen, and the fins are all pale, but the ends of the soft dorsal rays and tip of the caudal always remain black. In life the color is bright red, paler on the throat and breast, the outer part of the second dorsal, anal, and caudal black. From Cocos Island we have 4 specimens, 57 to 74 mm. in length. From the Galapagos Islands we have the following: Albemarle 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Island, Tagus Cove, 3 specimens, 70 to 72 mm. long; Turtle Bay, 2 specimens, 68 and 75 mm. long; Charles Island, Post Office Bay, 1 specimen, 56 mm. long, and 2 young, each only 15 mm. long. Only the specimens from Cocos and Tagus Cove are in good condition. Apogon orbicularis Kuhl and Van Hasselt. Apogon orbicularis Kuhl and Van Hasselt in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 155 Java; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873- 75, p. 22, pi. 20, fig. D; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 65, pi. 17, fig. 7. Amia orbicularis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 79, and 8, 1876-77, pi. 339, fig. 1; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 154; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 31. Apogon nigromaculatus Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. Astrolabe, 3, 1853, p. 32, pi. 1, fig. 2. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 24 scales in the lateral line plus 3 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 5 below the line and 6 predorsal scales. The depth of the compressed, sub-orbiculate body is 1.8, the head 2.6, the caudal 2.5 times in the length. The eye is 3, the snout 3.75, the interorbital 3.33, the first dorsal spine 1.3, the pectoral 1.4, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 1.8 times in the head. The maxillary extends beneath the middle of the eye, 2.14 times in the head. The mouth is large, oblique, the jaws about equal, or more often the lower jaw is projecting. The color in life is brown, with a conspicuous blackish brown stripe extending obliquely downward from the origin of the first two dorsal spines and forming a belt which may cross the belly before the vent or may be broken beneath. About the head are numerous small dark brown spots and on the posterior and lower part of the body are many large blackish brown spots. The fins are all pale brown, the ventrals with a broad blackish terminal stripe which appears to be an extension of the black body girdle when the fins are expanded. The color in alcohol is but little changed except that the general body color is darker and the fins are darker. The membrane of the spinous dorsal is sprinkled with small dark brown spots. Described here from 3 specimens, 45 to 78 mm. long, taken at Auki, Malaita Island, and 1 specimen, 79 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. This strikingly marked but really inconspicuous cardinal fish swarms around the docks and piers of the Indo-Pacific realm from the Solomon Islands westward through the East Indies. It is partic- ularly abundant where the piers built of coral afford it excellent hiding places. Large schools of this fish lie motionless for hours 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 121 beside landing places or pier-heads where they can get food in abun- dance without being exposed to the sweep of the tide. Apogon rhodopterus Bleeker. Apogon rhodopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 3, 1852, p. 62 Singapore. Amia rhodopteriis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 81, pi. 312, fig. 1; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 155. Amia rhodoptera Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 34. Amia koilomatodon Jordan and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 240, fig. 34. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 23 scales in the lateral line plus 4 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below the line. The preopercle has 2 or 3 rows of scales. The depth is 2.3 to 2.5, the head 2.4 to 2.6, the caudal 2.95 to 3.1, the pectoral 3.85 to 4 times in the length. The eye is 3.5 to 4 times in the head, the snout 3.5, the interorbital 3.85 to 4.1, the maxillary 2.15 to 2.2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.2 to 2.3, the second dorsal spine 1.75, the second anal spine 2.2 to 2.3 times in the head. The dorsal rays are much higher than the dorsal spines, 1.37 times, the anal rays 1.48 times in the head. The mouth is large, the lips even or the chin slightly projecting, the maxillary extending beneath the middle or posterior edge of the pupil. The preopercle is strongly denticu- late. The preorbital margin is dentate to spinescent. The color in alcohol is brown above, becoming paler or sometimes whitish beneath, each scale with a vertical brown marginal bar. From the dorsal origin and base of the anterior spines a brown- ish black bar descends to behind the pectoral and a second brownish black bar extends from the base of the last 3 dorsal rays to the base of the posterior anal rays. Often these bars, especially the posterior one, are broken at the lateral line or at the mid-axis of the body. At the middle of the caudal base is a small, circular black spot. From the lower margin of the eye a black line or stripe extends to the posterior angle of the preopercle. There is a large blackish blotch on the opercle. The spinous dorsal is mottled with blackish brown, the other fins all colorless except the caudal which is margined above and below with blackish. The first dorsal rays may be margined with blackish, and the tips of the anal rays may be dusky. This large and heavy-bodied species is here described from 3 specimens, 89 to 106 mm. long, taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomons. In the same archipelago 6 specimens, 82 to 107 mm. in length, were collected at Auki, Malaita Island, and 3 at Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, their lengths 88 to 111 mm. 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Apogon bandanensis Bleeker. Apogon bandanensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 6, 1854, p. 95 Banda; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 317. Amia bandanensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 82; 8, 1876-77, pi. 345, fig. 2; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p.155 Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 40. Apogon savayensis Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 656; Fische dei Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 21, pi. 19, fig. B; Kendall and Goldsborough Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 277. Amia savayensis Jordan and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 239 fig. 33. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 23 or 24 scales in the lateral line plus 1 to 3 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 5 below it. The depth is 2.5 to 2.6, the head 2.33 to 2.55, the caudal 2.9, the narrow pectoral 3.6 to 3.7 times in the length. The large ey is 2.15 to 2.55, the snout 4.5 to 5, the interorbital 3.4 to 3.8, an the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.1 to 2.25 times in the head The color in alcohol is brown above, the sides pale yellowis brown, the belly silvery brown, the opercles and lower part of th head with beautiful violet reflections. There is a blackish bro saddle on the caudal peduncle and a dark brown band (occasionall absent) from the eye diagonally backward to the lower angle o: the preopercle. The dorsals and caudal are dusky, the anal an ventrals violet or violaceous brown, the pectoral nearly colorle Here described from 5 specimens, 28 to 63 mm. in length, fro Maraa, Tahiti, and 1, 67 mm. long, from Bora Bora. At Nukula Island, Fiji, this handsome little cardinal fish is abundant. I col- lected there 40 specimens, 20 to 35 mm. long. Three specimens, 42 to 55 mm. long, were obtained at Vila, Efate* Island, New Hebrides Our specimens are typical of the A. savayensis of Giinther. Three specimens taken at Malo Island, New Hebrides, 50 to 57 mm. in length, lack the brown transverse band on the cauda peduncle, and the diagonal stripe on the preopercle is very faint Six specimens, 43 to 63 mm. long, taken at Ugi Island, Solomons are richly colored with bronze, silvery, and violet reflections. I alsc place here 3 young specimens, 36 to 39 mm. long, lacking some o: the characteristic markings, but closer to A. bandanensis than any thing else. They are from a reef at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Apogon apogonides (Bleeker). Cheilodipterus apogonides Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., 1, 1856, p. 37 Manado, Celebes. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 123 Amia apogonides Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873--76, p. 97; 8, 1876-77, pi. 341, fig. 2. Apogon apogonides Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 324. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 25 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 7 below it. The depth is 3, the head 2.75, the caudal 3.4 times in the length. The snout is 3.8, the eye 3, the interorbital 4.2 times in the head. The third and fourth dorsal spines are 2.1 times in the head, shorter than the longest dorsal rays, which are 1.6 times in the head. The anal equals the soft dorsal. The narrow pectoral is 1.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.33 times in the head. The caudal is forked, the lobes pointed. The mouth is large, the maxillary reaching beyond a vertical from the rear margin of the pupil. The first dorsal spine is minute, the second half as long as the third and fourth, which are equal. The color in alcohol is pale brownish yellow, sprinkled with minute brown dots, the head and body below the lateral line with violet and pearly reflections. There is a dusky band from the tip of the snout to the eye. There is a black blotch at the tip of the spinous dorsal, between the third and fourth, and fourth and fifth spines. The posterior margin of the caudal is blackish, the fins other- wise all whitish. This species has unquestionably been confused with A. moluc- censis Cuvier and Valenciennes, and perhaps with A. fusca Quoy and Gaimard. Two specimens of this rare little fish were collected on the reef at Maraa, Tahiti, their lengths 38 and 58 mm. The measurements are from the larger specimen. Apogon hartzfeldi Bleeker. Apogon Hartzfeldii Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 3, 1852, p. 254 Amboina. Apogon hartzfeldi Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, 1, 1876, p. 386; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 311. Amia Hartzfeldi Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 86; 8, 1876-77, pi. 347, fig. 2. Amia hartzfeldii Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 44. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 25 scales in the lateral line plus 3 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below the line. My specimen has but 1 row of scales on the preopercle, not 2 as given by authors. The depth is 3.1, the head 2.5, the slightly 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI emarginate caudal 3.4, the pectoral 4.4 times in the length. The eye is 3, the snout 4.16, the interorbital 4.5, the maxillary 3.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.5 times in the head. The maxillary extends beneath the hind margin of the pupil. The rear margin of the preopercle is minutely and evenly serrate. The color in alcohol is pale yellowish brown, the head blackish brown with purplish bronze reflections, the sides and belly with silvery luster. A bluish white line extends from the nape to the dorsal origin and another extends from the posterior margin of the head along the back to the top of the caudal peduncle. At the middle of the caudal base is a circular black spot as large as or larger than the pupil. On the median line of the snout is a black line, and a black line from it above the eye to the hind margin of the top of the head. The fins are largely nearly colorless, the soft dorsal and anal each with a vague blackish basal band which extends to the tip of the posterior ray. On the caudal are 4 cross rows of blackish brown spots. Here described from a specimen, 62 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomons. Another specimen, 65 mm. long, from Auki, Malaita Island, agrees in all essentials, the dusky bars on the dorsal and anal rays being better developed and the caudal having 5 or 6 crossbars of dark spots. Apogon angustata (Smith and Radcliffe). Amia angustata Smith and Radcliffe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, p. 253, fig. 1 Malanipa Island, Philippine Islands; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 51. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 25 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below the lateral line, and 4 predorsal scales. The depth is 3, the head 2.72 times in the length. The large eye is 2.9 times in the head. The short, broadly rounded snout is 0.7 of the eye, 4.14 times in the head. The interorbital is 0.6 of the eye, 4.8 times in the head. The mouth is large, oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary extending to a vertical midway between the hind margin of the pupil and the posterior border of the eye. The third dorsal spine is longer and much stouter than the rest, twice in the head. The soft dorsal is 1.5 times, the anal 1.6 times in the head. The notched caudal is 1.3 times, the pec- toral 1.6 times in the head. The color in alcohol is brownish gray, nearly whitish, with three dark brown stripes along the sides and one from between the eyes and along the back at the dorsal base to behind the last dorsal ray. The median lateral band extends from the eye to the caudal base, 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 125 where it ends in a circular black spot nearly as large as the pupil. The fins are all whitish, the soft dorsal and anal each with a blackish margin and a blackish longitudinal band a little above the base. The posterior margin of the caudal is blackish. Two specimens, 64 and 79 mm. long, were collected at Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas Islands. This rare species has hitherto been known only from the Philippines and off the north coast of Borneo, from specimens collected by the Albatross and myself. Apogon novemfasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Apogon novemfasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 154 Timor and Guam. Amia novemfasciata Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 242, fig. 36; Jordan and Richardson, Bull. Bur. Fish., 27, 1907 (1908), p. 254; Smith and Radcliffe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, p. 251, pi. 23; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 156. Apogon fasciatus Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 19, pi. 20, fig. B; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 87; 8, 1876-77, pi. 326, fig. 4. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 25 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 or 4 more on the caudal base, 3 above and 6 below the line. The depth is 2.9 to 3, the head 2.45 to 2.55, the caudal 3.25 to 3.7 times in the length. The large eye impinges upon the upper profile, 2.7 to 3 times, the snout 3.7 to 4.25, the interorbital 5 to 5.4, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.1 times in the head. The mouth is large, oblique, the posterior angle of the maxillary beneath the posterior part of the pupil. The rather stout third dorsal spine is 2.5 times in the head. The second dorsal, anal, and pectoral are all equal, 1.75 to 1.8 times in the head. The color in alcohol is very pale reddish brown or yellowish, with 3 dark reddish bands from the snout to the caudal and one along the middle of the back. The middle band on the side runs to the extremity of the caudal. The bands on either side of it converge toward the central band on the caudal but do not touch it. There is a conspicuous spot on the pectoral base. There is a broad dark brown basal band on the second dorsal, continued to the tip of the last rays, and a similar but fainter band on the anal. The spinous dorsal is more or less dusky, the other fins are all white to colorless. This species is very common on the reefs of Fiji. Fifty-four specimens, 18 to 64 mm. long, were collected at Nukulau Island; 8 specimens, 21 to 50 mm. in length, at Suva, Viti Levu Island; and 4, from 12 to 31 mm. in length, at Ovalau Island. At Malo Island, 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI New Hebrides, a specimen, 64 mm. long, was added to the collection. A specimen, 57 mm. long, was obtained at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, in the Solomon group. Three more specimens, 24 to 30 mm. long, probably belong here. Apogon aroubiensis Hombron and Jacquinot. Apogon aroubiensis Hombron and Jacquinot, D'Urville's Voy. Pole Sud, Poiss., 1853, p. 31, pi. 1, fig. 1 Aroub, Malaysia. Amia aroubensis Scale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 33; Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 241, fig. 35; Smith and Radcliffe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, p. 250, pi. 22; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 157. Apogon fasciatus (not White) Giinther, Fische der Stidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 19, pi. 20, fig. A (part). Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 24 scales in the lateral line and 4 or 5 on the caudal base, 3 above and 6 below it. The depth is 3, the head 3.8, the caudal 4.2 times in the length. The eye is 2.5, the snout two-thirds as long, 3.75, the interorbital 4.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.14 times in the head. The maxillary extends to a vertical from the posterior third of the eye. The very slightly forked caudal is 1.5 times in the head and is a little longer than the pectoral. The color in alcohol is whitish with a deep brown median stripe on the back from the snout to the soft dorsal, 3 broad stripes along the side, and a fifth narrow and less distinct stripe from the throat to the anal. The second and fourth stripes bend at the caudal base toward the third stripe but do not unite with it. There is a thin dusky line along the middle of the caudal, a continuation of the third lateral stripe. The fins are all white, with a black bar near the base of both the soft dorsal and anal. Here described from 2 specimens, 22 and 42 mm. long, from Maraa, Tahiti, and 1, 42 mm. long, collected at Bora Bora. Apogon robusta (Smith and Radcliffe). Amia robusta Smith and Radcliffe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, p. 254, pi. 24 and fig. 2 Jolo, Philippine Islands. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 24 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, plus 3 more on the latter, 3 above and 6 below the line. The body is thick and robust anteriorly, much compressed posteriorly, the depth 2.8, the head 2.7, the caudal 3.5, the pectoral 4 times in the head. The large, circular eye is 3, the snout 3.75, the interorbital 4.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.25 times in the head. The thickness of the body behind the opercle 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 127 is 1.88 times in the depth. The mouth is large, oblique, the maxillary extending beneath the posterior margin of the pupil. The color in alcohol is yellowish white with 4 lateral blackish longitudinal stripes and 1 along the middle of the back. The median dorsal stripe begins between the eyes, divides at the dorsal origin and continues on each side at the base of the dorsal, unites behind the dorsal and continues to the caudal base. The first lateral stripe starts on the tip of the snout, where it joins its fellow of the opposite side in a V, and runs back above the eye and on the upper half of the lateral line scales for about half its length, then continues straight on to the upper part of the caudal base where it bends down slightly. A short narrow dark stripe runs across the upper margin of the eye and back to the origin of the lateral line. The second lateral stripe runs around the tip of the snout across the eye and back to the caudal base, very broad above the pectoral, then narrows | until near the caudal where it enlarges into a deep black elongate blotch. The third stripe extends from the middle of the maxillary along the lower margin of the eye over and above the pectoral base to the base of the caudal, where it curves upward slightly. The fourth band is paler, and runs from the end of the maxillary to the posterior part of the anal base. The anterior half of the spinous dorsal is dusky. There is a rather faint dusky bar along the base of both the soft dorsal and anal, extending to the tip of the posterior rays. Otherwise all the fins are whitish. Here described from 3 specimens, 28 to 49 mm. in length, taken at Wala Island, New Hebrides. They agree in every essential with Smith and Radcliffe's description and figures. Apogon frenatus Valenciennes. Apogon frenatus Valenciennes, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 1, 1832, p. 57, pi. 4, fig. 4 New Guinea, Guam; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 19, pi. 19, fig. A; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 295 synonymy in part. Amia frenala Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 89, pi. 342, fig. 2; Fowler and Ball, Bull. Bishop Mus., 26, 1925, p. 13. Dorsal VII-I, 8 or 9; anal II, 8. There are 24 scales in the lateral line plus 4 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below it. The depth is 2.8 to 3, the head 2.5 to 2.66, the caudal 3.25 to 3.7, the pectoral 4 times in the head. The eye is 3.33, the snout 3 to 3.33, the interorbital 4.1 to 4.6 times in the head. The fourth dorsal spine is highest, 1.8 to 2 times in the head. The second dorsal is higher than the first, the anterior rays longest, 1.55 to 1.75, the anal 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI 1.8 times in the head. The caudal peduncle is wide, its least dept 2.35 to 2.45 times in the head. The caudal is moderately forked its upper lobe pointed. The color in alcohol is yellowish brown, each scale on the uppei half with a dark brown margin, becoming light yellowish and more or less silvery below. There is a dark brown band from the snout to the caudal, ending in a large rounded blackish brown spot or crossbar on the caudal base. The membrane between the anterior dorsal spines is blackish brown. The soft dorsal and anal each have a black or dark brown crossbar near the base, the bar often extended out to the tip of the posterior rays. The upper and lower margins of the caudal are dark brown. The membrane between the outer ventral rays is also dark brown. Two specimens, 88 and 90 mm. long, were taken on the reef at Maraa, Tahiti, and 4 at Moorea Island, from 67 to 88 mm. in length. A specimen, 69 mm. in length, was collected at Vila, Efat Island, and 3 specimens, 80 to 82 mm., at Malo Island, New Hebrides, In the Solomon Islands a specimen, 81 mm. long, was collect at Auki, Malaita Island, and 11 specimens, 50 to 86 mm. long, a Tenibuli, Ysabel Island. Apogon exostigma (Jordan and Seale). Amia exostigma Jordan and Seale (Jordan and Starks by typographical error), Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 238, fig. 31 Apia, Samoa; Kendall and Radcliffe, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 35, 1912, p. 101; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 278. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 9. There are 24 or 25 scales in the lateral line plus 3 to 5 more tubules on the caudal fin, 2 above and 6 below the lateral line. The depth is 2.85, the head 2.55 to 2.6, the caudal 3.33 to 3.4, the pectoral 4 to 4.2 times in the length. The eye is 3 to 3.2, the snout 3.25 to 3.5, the interorbital 4.6 to 4.7 times in the head. The oblong body is slender, compressed, the head large, the snout blunt, the mouth large with the maxillary extending to a vertical below the middle of the pupil. The color in life is pale olive or brownish white with a slight roseate flush. A black stripe runs from the tip of the snout to and behind the eye and along the middle of the side, very broad behind the eye but narrowing posteriorly and disappearing before reaching the caudal base. Above its posterior end is a circular black spot as large as the pupil. The opercle is silvery, sprinkled with dark punctulations. The fins are pale reddish to clear. The anterior and upper part of the spinous dorsal is black or dusky and there 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 129 is a black line on the margins of the upper and lower caudal lobes. Near the base of both the soft dorsal and anal is a dusky crossband. In alcohol the color is very pale brownish, with each scale out- lined or margined with brown, the nape violaceous brown. There is a blackish lateral band from the snout to the caudal peduncle as in life, with a conspicuous black circular spot on the caudal base above the lateral line. Below the black band is a silvery white stripe from the eye to above the pectoral base. The cheeks, throat, and breast have a violet sheen. The first dorsal is black anteriorly, the caudal margined above and below with blackish. On the reef at Maraa, Tahiti, were collected 12 typical specimens, 52 to 86 mm. in length. I have compared them with typical A. frenatus and find them distinct. At Ovalau Island, Fiji, 1 specimen, 25 mm. long, was obtained. In the Solomon Islands 4 specimens, 55 to 82 mm. in length, were taken at Auki, Malaita Island, and 4 specimens, 60 to 86 mm., at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island. Apogon compressus (Smith and Radcliffe). Amia compressa Smith and Radcliffe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, p. 246, pis. 20 and 21 Bisucay Island, Cuyo Islands, Philippines, 45 localities in Philippines, Borneo, and Moluccas; Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 157; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 75. Amia fasdata compressa McCullough, Endeavour Reports, 3, part 3, 1915, p. 118. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 9. There are 24 or 25 scales in the lateral line plus 4 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below the line; 2 rows of scales on the preopercle. The depth is 2.55 to 2.6, the head 2.55 to 2.75, the forked caudal 2.5 to 3.4, the pectoral 3.5 to 4 times in the length. The large eye is 2.4 to 2.6, the snout is 5, the interorbital 3.5 to 3.6, the maxillary 3.5 to 3.6, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 1.8 to 1.9 times in the head. The lower jaw projects slightly, the maxillary extending to a vertical from the middle or posterior margin of the pupil. The preopercular margin is finely serrate. In alcohol the ground color is pale silvery or pearly white or yellowish with 6 blackish brown longitudinal bands, the inter- spaces appearing as brilliant pearly or opalescent stripes. The fourth dark band, extending from the snout tip across the eye to the middle of the caudal base, breaks into 2 short bars at the caudal base above and below its terminus, or less often several of the longitudinal dark stripes break into small spots at the caudal base. 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI The spinous dorsal is blackish brown anteriorly or almost the entire fin may be blackish. The soft dorsal and anal are pale brownish or may be clear, both with a dark brown basal bar which extends back to the tip of the posterior ray. Often the anterior margin of the soft dorsal is blackish. The pectoral is pale. The upper and lower caudal margins are blackish brown, the rest of the caudal and the ventrals colorless or tinged with blackish. Described from 10 specimens, 54 to 69 mm. long, collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Apogon amboinensis Bleeker. Apogon amboinensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 5, 1853, p. 329 Amboina; Playfair and Giinther, Fishes Zanzibar, 1866, p. 19; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 340. Amia amboinensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 90; 8, 1876-77, pi. 346, fig. 1; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 81. Dorsal VI or VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 22 or 23 scales in the lateral line plus 2 to 4 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 or 7 below the line, and 2 rows on the preopercle. The depth is 2.4 to 2.9, the head 2.3 to 2.5, the caudal 3, the pectoral 3.84 to 4.1 times in the length. The eye is 3 to 3.4, the snout and inter- orbital each 4 to 4.1, the maxillary 2.15 to 2.2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.8 to 3 times in the head. The body is com- pressed, the profile steeply descending in a nearly straight line from the dorsal origin, the lips even or the lower jaw very slightly included, the maxillary extending beneath the posterior part of the pupil. The color in alcohol is brown above, pale yellowish below, the under side of the head and throat whitish, with silvery and opal- escent reflections on the sides of the head and lower half of the trunk, the lower half of the body and head covered with dark reddish brown dots and specks. A black, white-margined band extends from the tip of the snout across the eye to the caudal peduncle. At its end on the caudal base is an ocellated black spot with a wide yellowish margin. A second blackish line extends from the inter- orbital region to the upper part of the caudal peduncle. Another runs from the middle of the interorbital to the dorsal origin, then along the dorsal base to the soft dorsal axil. A fourth black line begins above the anal spines and runs back to the caudal peduncle and along its ventral edge to the caudal base. Some specimens show a dark brown bar from the lower edge of the eye to the posterior angle of the opercle. The anterior margin of the spinous dorsal is 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 131 black or blackish, the fins otherwise colorless, or the soft dorsal may have a longitudinal black line near its base. Thirteen specimens of this handsome little cardinal fish were taken from a fresh-water stream on Kulambangra Island, in the Solomons, their lengths 29 to 54 mm. Thirteen specimens, 47 to 56 mm. in length, were collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomons. I have seen no specimens with the upper longitudinal lateral stripe following the lateral line downward to join the median stripe, as shown in Bleeker's figure. Most of the specimens have 7 dorsal spines, exactly as shown in Bleeker's figure. Apogon tnelas Bleeker. Apogon melas Bleeker, Journ. Ind. Arch., 2, 1848, p. 635 Bima, Sumbawa; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 309. Amia melas Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 94; 8, 1876-77, pi. 348, fig. 1; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 88. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 24 scales in the lateral line plus 3 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below the line. The single specimen has but 1 row of scales on the preopercle. The depth is 2.55, the head 2.4, the caudal 2.8, the pectoral 4 times in the length. The snout equals the interorbital, 3.5 times, the eye 3.1, the maxillary 2.33, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.25, the third dorsal spine 2 times in the head. The maxillary scarcely extends to a vertical from the middle of the eye. The posterior margin of the preopercle is minutely serrate. The caudal is but slightly emarginate. The color in alcohol is dark brown, the head blackish, with bronze and purplish metallic reflections on the sides of the head and belly. The fins are all dusky to blackish, with a large black spot or ocellus on the basal portion of the soft dorsal and anal. A narrow black stripe extends from the lower margin of the eye to the angle of the preopercle. Here described from a specimen, 68 mm. long, collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker. Apogon leplacanthus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 12, 1856, p. 204 Ternate; Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1882, p. 235; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 344. Amia leptacanthus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 97; 8, 1876-77, pi. 349, fig. 3. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 9. There are 24 or 25 scales in the lateral line plus 2 on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below the 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI line. There are 2 rows of scales on the preopercle. The depth is 2.2 to 2.25, the head 2.6 to 2.65, the caudal 3 to 3.1, the pectoral 3.3 to 3.4 times in the length. The eye is 2.5 to 2.6, the snout 4.16 to 4.3, the interorbital 3.4 to 3.55, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2 to 2.16, the maxillary 2 to 2.16 times in the head. The mouth is oblique with prominent lower jaw, the maxillary reaching to a vertical from the anterior edge or center of the pupil. The lower edge of the preopercle is serrated, the hind margin scarcely so. The preorbital, orbital margin, and preopercular ridge are all smooth. The second dorsal spine is produced into a long thread which may extend to the caudal base when depressed. The caudal is emarginate. The color in alcohol is pale yellowish to brownish, the sides of the head and anterior half of the trunk with small darker-colored melanophores, with a pearly luster over the anterior half. The fins are all colorless or the spinous dorsal is blackish. Described from 4 specimens, 29 to 34 mm. long, taken at Teni- buli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Apogon sangiensis Bleeker. Apogon sangiensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 13, 1857, p. 375 Sangir Islands; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 64, pi. 17, fig. 4; Weber and Beau- fort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 343. Amia sangiensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 95, pi. 319, fig. 4; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 104. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 23 scales in a longitudinal series plus 2 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 or 7 below the line, with 2 rows of scales on the preopercle. The depth is 2.4 to 2.6, the head 2.4 to 2.5, the caudal 3.1 to 3.4, the pectoral 4 times in the length. The eye is 3 to 3.3, the snout 3.5 to 4, the maxillary 2.1 to 2.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.5 times in the head. The maxillary extends to beneath the middle of the eye. The preopercular margin is finely serrate. The color in alcohol is light brown above, pale yellowish to whitish on the sides and below, with a silvery luster on the sides of the head and below the pectoral. A black or blackish brown band extends from the tip of the snout across the eye to the rear edge of the opercle. At the middle of the caudal base is a black ocellated spot scarcely as large as the pupil, with a broad pale or whitish margin. A black stripe runs around the tip of the snout through the eye to the posterior margin of the operculum. The first dorsal spine is black and the upper part of the membrane 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 133 between the second and third dorsal spines is black. The soft dorsal and anal each have a black stripe a little above the base, the fins otherwise are colorless. Described from 7 specimens, 41 to 59 mm. in length, taken at Auki, Malaita Island, and 54 specimens, 30 to 52 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands; 2 additional specimens, each 50 mm. long, have the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal crossbanded by alternate rows of black dots or spots and rounded milk-white spots. Apogon hyalosoma Bleeker. Apogon hyalosoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 3, 1852, p. 63 Sumatra, on Apogon thermalis Bleeker (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes), Nat. en Geneesk. Arch. Ned. Ind., 2, 1845, p. 526; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 64, pi. 17, fig. 5; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 341. Amia hyalosoma Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 96, pi. 309, fig. 1 ; Macleay, Cat. Austr. Fishes, 1, 1881, p. 45; Jordan and Richardson, Bull. Bur. Fish., 27, 1907 (1908), p. 254; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 105. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 21 to 24 scales in the lateral line plus 4 more on the caudal base, 3 above and 7 below the line, and 2 rows of scales on the preopercle. The depth is 2.3 to 2.5, the head 2.25 to 2.35, the caudal 2.4 to 3.1, the pectoral 3.5 to 3.85 times in the length. The eye is 3.2 to 4, the interorbital 4.7 to 5, the maxillary 2.2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.5 times in the head. The snout is less than the eye in the young but equals or exceeds it in the adult. The mouth is oblique with projecting chin, the maxillary extending beneath the posterior third of the eye. The preopercular margin is entire. The dorsal spines are slender and weak. The color in alcohol is pale brown or yellowish, the sides of the head and body with iridescent pearly luster, and a large rounded blackish brown spot at the middle of the caudal base. The second dorsal spine or the membrane between the second and third dorsal spines is blackish, the other fins all colorless in my specimens or the caudal faintly brown. Some specimens have the upper lip brown or dusky with a whitish line above. My material is all young and does not show the color markings seen in specimens from 100 to 170 mm. long. Here described from 57 specimens, 34 to 57 mm. long, taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. A specimen, 65 mm. long, was obtained at Auki, Malaita Island, Solomon Islands. 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Apogon multilineatus Bleeker. Apogon multilineatus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., 2, 1865, p. 188 Ceram; Weber, Siboga Exp., Fische, 1913, p. 223. Amia multilineata Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 83; Radcliffe, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 41, 1911, p. 259, pi. 25; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 48. Amia multitaeniata Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 319, fig. 1. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 24 scales in the lateral line, plus 4 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below the line, and 2 rows on the preopercle. The depth is 2.9, the head 2.7 ', the caudal 2.9, the pectoral 4 times in the length. The eye is 2.55, the snout 4.5, the interorbital 5.6, the maxillary 2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2 times in the head. The mouth is oblique, the jaws even, the maxillary extending beneath the rear margin of the pupil, the caudal forked. The hind margin of the preopercle is finely serrate. In alcohol the color is pale brownish yellow with 12 longitudinal bands and lines on the body. From the lower part of the eye to the rear margin of the opercle is a broad blackish brown band margined above and below by a pearly white stripe. Above this a similar stripe extends from the middle of the eye to the hind margin of the preopercle, with a narrow faint white line above it. The upper and median white lines cross the eye, the upper one extending to the snout tip. The spinous dorsal is faintly brownish dusky, the other fins all whitish. There is a faint basal reddish brown stripe on the soft dorsal and on the anal which runs to the tip o the last ray. Two specimens, 34 and 49 mm. long, were taken at Auki, Malaita Island, Solomon Islands. The description is taken from the larger specimen. The smaller one agrees in color. Pristiapogon snyderi (Jordan and Evermann). Apogon snyderi Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 22, 1902 (1903), p. 180 Hawaii. Amia snyderi Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 214, pi. 36 and fig. 85. Dorsal VIII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 25 scales in the lateral line, 2 above and 5 below it. The depth is 3 to 3.1 times, the head 2.7 times in the length. The large prominent eye is equal to the snout, 3.7 times in the head. In life the color is coppery red, or pale with reddish metallic sheen, with a faint dusky longitudinal band and 2 longitudinal i 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 135 silvery lines on the side. There is a black spot on the caudal base above the lateral line. The first dorsal is dusky, the soft dorsal, caudal, and anal pale red, dusky basally. In alcohol the color is yellowish brown, with a darker band from the tip of the snout through the eye back to the middle of the caudal base. There is a blackish crossbar on the base of the caudal fin, with a black spot above the lateral line. The anterior part of the spinous dorsal is black or dark brown, the soft dorsal and anal are pale, each with a black crossband near the base. A specimen, 82 mm. long, was caught in a fresh-water creek near Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas. Mionorus pacificus Herre. Fig. 6. Mionorus pacificus Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12, 1935, p. 403. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8; pectoral 11; scales 2-24; gill-rakers 7 or 8. Depth 3, head 2.7 to 2.9, caudal 3.5 to 3.6 in length. Eye FIG. 6. Mionorus pacificus Herre, Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands. is 2.7, snout 4, pectoral 2, ventral 2 in head. Snout 1.5 to 1.66 in eye. Head and body compressed. Head bluntly pointed. Lower jaw prominent. Eyes large, a little more than interorbital. Mouth oblique. Maxillary reaches beyond pupil but not to rear of eye. Teeth in narrow bands. Caudal truncate, narrow. Ventrals do not reach anal fin. Scales very deciduous. Color in life is red with silvery luster. Scales on upper third, margined with dusky. Dusky band from tip of snout through eye to above pectoral. A vertical dark bar from anterior third of 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI soft dorsal to below lateral line. Fins unmarked. In alcohol, the red changes to yellowish. Four specimens, collected at Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands. Apogonichthys auritus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Apogon auritus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1831, p. 443 Isle de France; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 63, pi. 17, fig. 2; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 325. Apogonichthys auritus Steindachner, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1, 1883 (1884), p. 1066; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 163; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 6. Dorsal VII-I, 8; anal II, 8. There are 22 scales to the caudal base plus 3 more on the latter, 1 or 2 above and 6 below the line. The depth is 2.7, the head 2.4 to 2.5, the caudal 3.25, the pectoral 3.5 to 3.9 times in the length. The eye is 3.4 to 4, the snout is 4 to 5, the interorbital 5.33 to nearly 7, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.45 to 2.66 times in the head. The body is stout, heavy, and compressed, the head is large, the mouth large with even jaws, the maxillary extending beneath or nearly beneath the hind margin of the eye. The first dorsal spine is minute, the third one 2 to 2.3 times in the head. The caudal is rounded. The lateral line has conspicuous tubules to the eighth or ninth scale only, the rest of the scales with obscure pores. The color in alcohol is brown, mottled with darker brown, most of the scales with a small but very dark spot, these spots forming longitudinal rows. On the operculum is a very large and conspicuous white-margined, dark brown or blackish ocellus with a dark brown longitudinal line above it. The pectorals are pale brown, the other fins all dark brown. Described here from 10 specimens, 14 to 39 mm. in length, from the reef at Nukulau Island, Fiji. Apogonichthys perdix Bleeker. Apogonichthys perdix Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 6, 1854, p. 321; Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, pi. 322, fig. 2; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 163. Amia perdix Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 100. Apogon perdix Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 328. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 19 scales in the lateral line plus 2 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below it. The depth is 2.66 times, the head 2.2 times in the length. The eye is 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 137 2.75, the snout 4, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3 times in the head. The interorbital equals the snout. The mouth is large, oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting, the maxillary ex- tending to a vertical from the middle of the pupil. The color in alcohol is yellowish brown, sprinkled with dark brown or dusky dots, the top of the head dusky, and a dark brown crossbar on the caudal peduncle. There is a dark brown bar from the eye diagonally down across the preoperculum. The caudal is dotted with dark brown. Here described from a specimen, 24 mm. long, collected on the reef at Maraa, Tahiti. Archamia zosterophora (Bleeker). Apogon zosterophorus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., 1, 1856, Beschr. Vischfauna Manado, p. 56 Manado, Celebes; Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 7, 1882, p. 235; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 346. Amia zosterophora Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 103, pi. 313, fig. 2. Archamia zosterophora Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 164, fig. 40; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 117. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 15. There are 22 or 23 scales in the lateral line plus 3 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 6 below the line, and 2 rows on the preopercle. The depth is 2.4 to 2.6, the head 2.3 to 2.5, the forked caudal 3 to 3.1, the pectoral 3.6 to 4 times in the head. The eye is 2.9 to 3.1, the snout 4.5 to 4.8, the interorbital 4 to 4.5, the maxillary 2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.6 to 2.7 times in the head. The mouth is oblique with slightly projecting lower jaw, the maxillary extending beneath the middle of the eye. The lower margin of the preopercle is serrate. The anterior anal rays are much longer than the posterior ones. The color in alcohol is yellowish, with pearly reflections on the sides of the head and body. A broad dark brown belt, either uniform or made up of distinct dots and spots, crosses the body downward and a little forward from the soft dorsal base to the middle of the anal base and post-ventral region. An interocular blackish brown stripe runs around the tip of the snout. At the caudal base is a small black circular spot. The second dorsal and caudal may be sprinkled with fine brown dots, the other fins are all yellowish or colorless. Here described from 20 specimens, 34 to 51 mm. in length, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Rhabdamia cypselurus Weber. Rhabdamia cypselurus Weber, Notes Leyden Mus., 31, 1909, p. 167 Ceram; Weber, Siboga Exp., Fische, 1913, p. 242, fig. 60; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 358, fig. 86. Amia cypselura Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 107. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 9 or 10. Scales(?). According to Fowler there are 22 or 23 scales in the lateral line plus 2 or 3 more on the caudal base; gill-rakers 22. The depth is 3.5, the head 2.45 to 2.5, the caudal 3.2, the pectoral 4.7 times in the length. The eye is 3.25, the interorbital 4.6, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.5 times in the head. The lower jaw projects, the mouth is oblique, the maxillary extending beneath the pupil. The cycloid scales are very deciduous, none of my specimens having more than two or three scattered scales. The caudal is deeply forked, with pointed lobes. The margin of the preopercle is smooth. The opercles are covered with small scales. In alcohol the color is yellowish or whitish, with beautiful silver and violet-blue iridescence on the sides of the head, pectoral base and breast. A blackish stripe runs from the tip of the snout across the eye to the tip of the opercle. The upper and lower caudal lobes each have a submarginal longitudinal blackish stripe, the other fins are very pale to colorless. Thirty-two specimens, 26 to 33 mm. in length, were taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, in the Solomon Islands, with the aid of electric light. Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lace*pede). Centropomus macrodon LacSpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1802, p. 263 Mauri- t tius, Reunion. Paramia macrodon Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 105; Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1925 (1926), p. 252. Chilodipterus macrodon Klunzinger, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1, 1884, p. 23. Cheilodipterus macrodon Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 363. Cheilodipterus octovittatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 163. Paramia octolineata Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 305, fig. 2. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 25 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 more on the caudal base, 2 above and 7 below it. The depth is 3.35 to 3.5, the head 2.6 to 2.7, the caudal 3 to 3.6, the pectoral 4 to 4.6 times in the length. The eye is very large, its upper margin flush with the dorsal profile, 3.4 to 3.8 times in 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 139 the head. The snout approximately equals the eye, 3.4 to 3.65 times in the head. The interorbital is 5.8 to 5.9 times in the head. The mouth is oblique, the jaws even, the maxillary extending to a vertical from the rear margin of the pupil. The least height of the caudal peduncle is 2.6 times in the head. The caudal is forked. The color in alcohol is yellowish with eight dark brown longi- tudinal stripes which disappear on the caudal peduncle. The top of the head and opercle are dark violaceous brown. There is a median dark brown stripe from the interorbital to the dorsal, then along its base. At the base of the caudal is a dark brown band encircling it, and a blackish stripe along the upper and lower caudal margins. The rest of the caudal is pale violaceous brown with a blackish tip. The anterior half of the first dorsal is black, the anterior margin of the soft dorsal and anal and the posterior half of the ventrals also blackish. The pectoral is very pale yellowish with a violet brown crossbar on its base. Here described from 2 specimens, 110 and 138 mm. long, taken at Moorea, and a fine specimen, 150 mm. long, collected at Bora Bora. Twenty-three specimens, 50 to 133 mm. long, were taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. In the smaller specimens there is a dark brown circular spot at the caudal base, which gradually enlarges with age until it becomes a dark brown bar or band. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 167 Society Islands; Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 2, 1830, p. 237; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 165; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 361. Chilodipterus quinquelineatus Giinther, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 23; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 66. Paramia quinquelineata Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 105; 8, 1876-77, pi. 326, fig. 2; Scale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 33; Jordan and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 252; Kendall and Golds- borough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 279. Dorsal VI-I, 9; anal II, 8. There are 25 or 26 scales in the lateral line, 2 above and 7 below it. The depth is 3.4 times, the head 2.68 times in the length. The eye and snout are equal, 3.17 times, the interorbital 5.9 times, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.7, the caudal 1.46 times in the head. The mouth is large, oblique, the maxillary extending to beneath the posterior margin of the pupil. In the anterior part of the upper jaw are 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI 2 pairs of very small canines, and in the middle of the lower jaw is a row of 3 small canines on each side. In life the color is pale olive brown with 5 longitudinal black stripes and a conspicuous lemon yellow ocellus with a black central spot at the caudal base. In alcohol the color is duller or darker brown or yellowish, the stripes much as in life, but the yellow area about the black spot at the caudal base fades to the ground color. This handsome little apogonid is very abundant about the coral reefs of the western Pacific. Here described from 2 specimens, 29 and 51 mm. in length, from Maraa, Tahiti. In the Solomon Islands 17 specimens, 31 to 65 mm. in length, were secured at Auki, Malaita Island, and 6, from 37 to 72 mm. long, at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island. Family AMBASSIDAE Ambassis commersoni Cuvier and Valenciennes. Ambassis commersonii Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 176, pi. 25 Bourbon, Pondicherry, Mahe, Java; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 223; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 52, pi. 15, fig. 3; Boulenger, Cat. Fresh Water Fishes Africa, 3, 1913, p. 112, fig. 85. Ambassis commersoni Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 136, pi. 352, fig. 1; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 406. Ambassis safgha Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 153. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal III, 9 or 10. There are 28 scales in the lateral line, plus 4 on the caudal, 4 above and 8 below the line. There are 16 to 18 predorsal scales. The depth equals the length of the head, 2.6 to 2.7 times, the deeply forked caudal 2.4 to 2.9, the pectoral 3.65 to 3.95 times in the length. The third dorsal spine equals the pectoral. The snout equals the interorbital, 4.3 to 4.5 times, the eye 3 times, the maxillary 2.45 to 2.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.5 to 2.8 times in the head. The mouth is strongly oblique with projecting chin, the maxillary extending beneath the front margin of the pupil. The lower margin of the preopercle is serrate, with an enlarged flat spine at the angle. The lateral line is continuous. There is a patch of teeth on the tongue. In life the fish is largely colorless, nearly translucent below and posteriorly, with a median longitudinal blackish line on the posterior half, the sides of the head bright silver. In alcohol the color is yellowish with silvery luster, the scales on the upper portion mar- gined by dusky or brown dots, with a silvery band from the upper angle of the opercle to the middle of the caudal base. A black line 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 141 is often visible along the middle of the silver band, especially on the posterior third. There is a blackish line below the dorsal and anal, which may be continued along the caudal peduncle. The sides of the head are silvery. The membrane between the second and third spines is blackish, and the caudal is more or less dusky, the fins otherwise colorless. Seven specimens, 54 to 78 mm. in length, were taken at Auki, Malaita Island, Solomon Islands, from a fresh-water creek. Ambassis miops Gunther. Ambassis miops Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 655 Raratonga; Sundara Raj, Records Indian Mus., 12, 1916, p. 279; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 166; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 408. Ambassis myops Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 784. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal III, 10. There are 29 scales in the lateral line, plus 4 more on the caudal with tubules, 3 above and 8 below the line; predorsal scales about 14. The depth is 2.9, the head 2.8, the caudal 2.8, the pectoral 3.5 times in the length. The eye is 2.85, the snout 3.6, the interorbital 4, the maxillary 2.25, the second dorsal spine 1.4, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.45 times in the head. The anterior profile descends in a nearly straight line from the dorsal to the snout tip. The mouth is very oblique, the maxillary extending beneath the front margin of the eye, with an obliquely truncate posterior end. There is a patch of teeth on the tongue. The margin of the preorbital has 6 or 7 short spines. The preopercular ridge has a spine at the posterior angle with a few small serrations preceding it. The lower margin of the preopercle and lower part of its posterior margin are serrate, the margin of the interopercle smooth. The dorsals and anal have a basal scaly sheath. The lateral line is complete. The caudal is deeply forked. The color in alcohol is silver gray to brownish yellow with a silver sheen on the lower half of the head and trunk. There is a median longitudinal lateral silvery stripe from the head to the caudal, with a black line in it showing on the posterior third. The mem- brane between the second and third dorsal spines is blackish, and there is a blackish longitudinal stripe on each caudal lobe or the lobes are tipped with blackish, the fins otherwise pale to colorless, or the dorsal and anal slightly specked with dusky. Here described from 30 specimens, from 20 to 50 mm. in length, seined from a fresh-water stream on Kulambangra Island, Solomon Islands. 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Ambassis vaivasensis Jordan and Seale. Ambassis vaivasensis Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 254, fig. 47 Vaivase River, Apia, Samoa; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 166. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal III, 9 or 10. There are 28 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 more on the caudal base, 3 above and 6 below it. The depth is nearly 3 times, the head 2.7 times in the length. The eye is 3.16, the interorbital 3.8, the snout 4.3 times in the head. The body is strongly compressed, the mouth very oblique with projecting lower jaw. The second dorsal spine is strong, its length 1.4 times in the head. The depth of the caudal peduncle is 2.7 times in the head. The caudal is deeply forked with long pointed lobes, a little longer than the head. The pectoral is about 1.33 times in the head. The color in alcohol is yellowish to brownish white, the dorsal region more or less thickly strewn with minute dark brown dots, with a black line along the middle of the side from the gill opening to the caudal base. The membrane between the second and third dorsal spines is blackish. In life the color is pale gray or silver, with a silver stripe from the gill opening to the caudal base, the lower half of the body translucent. This little ambassid, previously known positively only from Samoa, is very common in the streams of Fiji, where it was collected as follows: 28 specimens from a river flowing into Suva Harbor, 146 specimens from another river flowing into the same harbor, and 10 specimens from the Rewa River, about 30 miles from the sea, Viti Levu Island; also 26 specimens from the Mbureta River, Ovalau Island. These vary in length from 22 to 54 mm. Priopis buruensis (Bleeker). Ambassis buruensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 11, 1856, p. 396 Kajeli, Bum; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 137, pi. 353, fig. 5; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 417. Ambassis buroensis Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 157. Priopis buruensis Jordan and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906 (1907), p. 18; Jordan and Richardson, Bull. Bur. Fish., 27, 1907 (1908), p. 255. Dorsal VII-I, 9; anal III, 9. There are 12 tubulated scales in the upper part of the lateral line, 10 in the lower section, and 5 on the caudal, 3 above and 8 below the line. There are 12 to 14 pre- dorsal scales, and 2 rows on the preopercle. The depth is 2.2 to 2.3, the head 2.5, the pectoral 2.75 to 2.9 times in the length. The deeply 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 143 forked caudal equals the depth. The eye is 2.8 to 2.9, the snout is 4.85 to 5, the inter-orbital 4.3 to 4.4, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.5 times in the head. The mouth is very oblique, the chin prominent, the maxillary extending beneath the front margin of the eye. There is a patch of teeth on the tongue. The preorbital margin is strongly serrate. The ridge above the eye is smooth, ending posteriorly in one small spine. The lower margin of the preopercle and interopercle is serrate, with a larger trian- gular spine at the preopercular angle, the posterior margins smooth. The second dorsal spine equals the head in length. The dorsals and anal have a basal scaly sheath, one or two scales wide. The caudal is covered with small scales basally. The color in life is pale silvery white, the abdomen more or less translucent, the dorsal dusky between the second and third spines. In alcohol the color is brownish yellow, with a silver stripe or a silvery band with a black line from the eye to the middle of the caudal base, and a dusky line at the dorsal and anal base contin- uing along the edges of the caudal peduncle to the caudal. The sides of the head and abdomen have a silvery sheen. The membrane be- tween the second and third dorsal spines is dusky, the fins pale except for dusky specks on the dorsals, anal, and caudal, or the caudal may be blackish. Described from 2 specimens, 52 and 58 mm. long, from a fresh- water stream at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides, and 2 specimens, 50 and 55 mm. long, from a fresh-water creek at Auki, Malaita Island, Solomon Islands. Family KUHLIIDAE Kuhlia rupestris (Lace"pede). Centropomus rupestris LacSpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1802, pp. 236, 263 Reunion, on Commerson MS. Dules rupestris Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 119; 7, 1831, p. 477; Sauvage, Hist. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 150, pi. 41B, fig. 3; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 166. Kuhlia rupestris Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 36; Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1913, p. 375; Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 205, pi. 1, fig. 2; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 167; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo- Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 270. Moronopsis rupestris Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 121; 8, 1876-77, pi. 339, fig. 2. 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Dorsal X, 11; anal III, 10. There are 41 to 43 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base plus 5 more on the latter, 5 above and 8 below the line. There are 17 or 18 gill-rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch. The body is oblong, compressed, its depth 2.6 to 2.9 times, the head 2.6 to 3.1 times in the length. The eye is 3.5 to 4.5, the snout 3.2 to 3.6, the interorbital 3 to 3.5 times in the head. The maxillary extends to beneath the middle or posterior part of the eye. The fifth dorsal spine is highest, 1.9 to 2.4 times in the head. The caudal is slightly emarginate, with blunt or rounded lobes, 3.25 times in the length. The color is dark bluish silvery above, the sides brighter silvery, most of the scales with a blackish spot basally, and rounded black spots at the base of the anal. Each lobe of the caudal has a wide black diagonal band and the upper part of the soft dorsal is blackish. In alcohol the color is yellowish white to yellowish brown, the predorsal region and top of the head black, the ground color ob- scured above the lateral line by dusky shading. Most of the scales have a black or dark brown spot or bar basally, with a more or less silvery gloss over all. The anal usually has a row of rounded black spots basally. The spinous dorsal is darkened. On the anterior half of the soft dorsal is a marginal black band and a similar diagona band is on each lobe of the caudal. From the Rewa River, Viti Levu Island, Fiji, a specimen, about 250 mm. long, was obtained, and from a creek flowing into Suva Harbor on the same island 2 small specimens were taken, their lengths 20 and 42 mm. This species was abundant in a small stream about 3 miles from the coast at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides, where many specimens, from 63 to 250 mm. in length, were taken. Four specimens were taken from a fresh-water creek at Auki, Malaita Island, Solomon Islands, their lengths 111 to 177 mm. Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Dules marginatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 87 pi. 52; 7, 1831, p. 356 Java. Kuhlia marginata Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 38 Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 255, Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 203, pi. 1, fig. 3. Dules maculatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1831, p. 357. Dules malo (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes) Hombron and Jacquinot in Voy. P81e Sud, Poiss., 1853, p. 41, pi. 3, fig. 4. Moronopsis ciliatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1876, p. 120, pi. 316, fig. 1; 8, 1877, pi. 324, fig. 2. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 145 Dorsal X, 10 or 11; anal III, 11. There are 40 to 44 scales in the lateral line, 5 above and 8 below it. There are 16 to 18 gill- rakers on the lower part of the first gill arch. The depth is 2.8 to 3, the head 3.2 to 3.5 times in the length. The eye is 3 to 3.4, the snout 3.3 to 3.8, the interorbital 2.9 to 3.4 times in the head. The caudal fin is deeply forked. The color in life is silver gray, darker above, merging into white on the belly, and usually with blackish spots scattered irregularly along the side, mostly above the lateral line. In alcohol the color is silvery blackish above, yellowish white on the lower half, or silvery gray, with spots on the side and caudal as in life. The soft dorsal, anal, and caudal are each narrowly edged with white and have a blackish submarginal band; there is a blackish spot in the pectoral axil. Several hundred specimens were taken in the Papenoo River, Tahiti, and 10 specimens, 84 to 110 mm. in length, were kept. This fish occurs in large schools in the lower reaches of the river near the sea, and in similar localities throughout Polynesia. Ten specimens, from 20 to 112 mm. in length, were taken from a small fresh-water creek on Moorea Island, where it likewise occurred in abundance. Eighteen specimens, from 38 to 110 mm. in length, were caught in a creek flowing into Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Fourteen specimens, 78 to 123 mm. in length, were taken from a fresh-water stream at Auki, Malaita Island, in the Solomon Islands. Kuhlia bilunulata Herre. Fig. 7. Kuhlia bilunulata Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12, 1935, p. 404. Dorsal X, 11; anal III, 10 or 11; scales 48+ 5 or 6, 5 above and 10 below, 10 to 12 predorsal; gill-rakers 22 on lower limb of first arch. Depth 2.6, head 2.9 in length. Eye 2.33 to 2.6, snout 3.2 to 3.4, interorbital 3 to 3.25, width of head 1.75, fifth dorsal spine 1.6, tenth dorsal spine 2.4 to 2.6, third anal spine 2.4 to 2.6, depth of caudal peduncle 2.7, pectoral 1.5 to 1.6, ventral 1.7 in head. Body compressed, depth greatest at dorsal origin. Anterior profile descends in a steep, straight line from front of dorsal. Ventral profile a broad, regular curve. Head longer than deep. Eye high up. Interorbital broad and flat. Snout broad and short. Mouth strongly oblique. Maxillary reaches front of eye. Preopercle smooth behind, lower edge minutely serrulate. Opercle entire, with two flat, stout spines, lower one stronger. Fifth dorsal spine longest. 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Tenth dorsal spine much longer than ninth. First dorsal ray longest. Caudal deeply forked. Ventrals pointed. Color in alcohol is dusky above, yellowish below. Caudal white with a broad, black, basal crescent and a black, subcrescentic mar- ginal band, extreme tip of fin white. Spinous dorsal dark. Soft dorsal with a submarginal black bar. Anal dusky at base, margin white. Other fins pale. FIG. 7. Kuhlia bilunulata Herre, river flowing into Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji Islands. Eighteen specimens collected in a small river flowing into Suvs Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji Islands. Kuhlia taeniura (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Dules taeniurus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 85. Kuhlia taeniura Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 200, pl. 1, ng. 1. Perca argentea Bennett, Fishes Ceylon, 1834, p. 22, pl. 22. Dules argenteus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873, p. 25, pl. 19, fig. C. Moronopsis taeniurus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1876, p. 119, pl. 345, fig. 5. Dorsal X, 10 or 11; anal III, 11; scales in the lateral line 54, 6 between the lateral line and the dorsal origin, and 11 between it and the anal origin. The depth is 3 to 3.2 times, the head 3.6 to 3.8 times in the length. The eye is 3.2 times, the snout 3.5 to 4 times in the head. The caudal fin is deeply forked, the lobes equally produced. The fifth dorsal spine is highest, 1.5 times in the head, nearly equal to the pectoral. The last dorsal spine is 2.25 times in the head, equal to the ventral spine and a little higher than the third anal spine. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 147 This species is common on the reef at Maraa, Tahiti, where 10 specimens, from 23 to 50 mm. in length, were collected. In life the entire region above the lateral line is dark steel color with a silvery sheen over all. The top of the head and nape are mottled. These specimens all showed a black line at the base of the dorsal and another one from the side of the nape to the base of the caudal. With age these bands disappear and the dorsal surface darkens to uniform dark blue-gray or steel-gray. The soft dorsal is broadly margined with blackish. The caudal fin has 5 black bands, a pair on each lobe, converging posteriorly, and the fifth one along the middle rays. The black bands on the tail distinguish this species at once from all related species. At Cocos Island, 4 specimens, 58 to 91 mm. in length, were obtained. Family SERRANIDAE Plectropomus oligacanthus Bleeker. Plectropoma oligacanthus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 7, 1854, p. 422 Batavia, Java; Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 162. Paracanthistius oligacanthus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 27. Acanthistius oligacanthus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 279, fig. 2. Plectropomus oligacanthus Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 201, fig. 7. Dorsal VII, II, 9; anal III, I, 7. There are 88 tubulated scales in the lateral line plus 14 more on the caudal, 18 scales above and 36 below the line. Minute scales extend far out on the fins. The depth is 3.5, the head 2.9, the caudal 4.3 times in the length. The eye is 6.5, the snout 3.25, the maxillary 2.1, the interorbital 4.4, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.6 times in the head. The pectoral equals the least depth of the caudal peduncle. The dorsal and ventral profiles are evenly and regularly curved and alike from snout tip to caudal peduncle, the body rather heavy, with thick caudal peduncle and broad emarginate caudal. The lower jaw is projecting, the maxillary extending beneath the posterior part of the eye. There is a pair of stout canines at the front of each jaw and 3 canines on each side of the lower jaw. The posterior nostril is much enlarged. The central opercular spine is closer to the lower spine than to the upper one. The color in life is extraordinarily beautiful, a rich glowing cherry red with longitudinal deep blue lines on the head and breast, pectoral base, and anterior dorsal region, and also on the soft dorsal and anal. Above the pectoral are parallel vertical blue lines which 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI continue back to between the soft dorsal and anal. The rest of the body and the caudal are sprinkled with circular blue spots. In alcohol the color is dark brownish red, the blue lines and spots largely altered to dark brown or bluish dusky. This and a related species abound about the coral reefs of the Sulu Sea and are gamy fish that delight both the angler and the epicure, while their beauty is a joy to every nature lover. Described from a specimen, 276 mm. long, caught with hook and line at Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider. Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 301, pi. 61; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, 1903 (1905), p. 221, fig. 88; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 174. Epinephelus argus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1876, p. 43, pi. 342, fig. 3; Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 189. Serranus guitatus Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 5, pi. 4. Sen-onus myriasier Rtippell, Atlas, Fische, 1828, p. 107, pi. 27, fig. 1; Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 2, 1830, p. 234, pi. 37; Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., 3, Poiss., 1833, p. 653, pi. 3, fig. 1. Dorsal IX, 15 to 16; anal III, 9. There are 95 to 110 scales in a longitudinal series, 50 to 55 in the lateral line, 9 or 10 above and 32 to 38 below the lateral line. The depth is 2.8, the head 2.5 times in the length. The snout is 3.5, the eye 6.5, the pectoral 1.67 times i the head. The rounded caudal is a little shorter than the pectora The lower jaw projects strongly, the maxillary extends far beyon the eye, the width of its distal extremity nearly equal to the diamete of the eye. The color is purplish brown, deep chocolate brown, or blackis anteriorly, a little paler behind, sometimes with faintly definec crossbands toward the tail. The head, body, and fins are coverec with small, circular, pale blue, whitish, or dark blue spots ringec with black. The spinous dorsal is edged with orange or whitis anteriorly. The soft dorsal, anal, pectoral, and caudal are edgec with a whitish line. From Takaroa, Tuamotu Archipelago, 3 specimens were collectec 64, 200, and 225 mm. in length, and one, 160 mm. long, from Tahit At Hog Harbor, Espiritu Santo Island, New Hebrides, a fine specimen 270 mm. long, was caught with hook and line, and one at Wai Island, 173 mm. long. In life the last specimen was dark brown sprinkled all over with very deep blue spots, the fins blackish, th soft dorsal, anal, and caudal each with a narrow whitish-blue margin 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 149 Cephalopholis cyanostigma (Kuhl and Van Hasselt). Serranus cyanostigma Kuhl and Van Hasselt in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 359 Java. Epinephelus cyanostigma Sleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 42, pi. 320, fig. 3 (fig. mislabeled E. argus); Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 181. Cephalopholis cyanostigma Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 223. Dorsal IX, 16; anal III, 8. There are 85 to 95 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, plus 14 or 15 more on the latter and about 50 tubulated scales to the caudal base plus 6 or 7 more on the latter. There are 21 or 22 scales above and 27 to 35 below the lateral line. The depth is 3, the head 2.6, the caudal 4.25, the pectoral 3.9 times in the length. The eye is 5.4, the snout 4.2, the interorbital 6.9, the maxillary 2.1 times in the head. The mouth is large, with projecting lower jaw, the maxillary extending much beyond the posterior margin of the eye. The small teeth are in bands, those of the mandible forming 3 rows along the sides. The middle oper- cular spine is nearer to the lower than to the upper spine, the upper one extending furthest back. The color in alcohol is dark brown with grayish blue spots sparsely scattered over the whole head and body and upon the fins. Close examination shows that these spots are margined with blackish and were ocelli before fading. Across the body are 6 wide cross- bands, more or less reticulated. A specimen, 98 mm. long, was collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Cephalopholis kendalli Evermann and Seale. P Cephalopholis kendalli Evermann and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906 (1907), p. 76, fig. 11 Bacon, Sorsogon Prov., Luzon, Philippine Islands. Dorsal IX, 16; anal III, 8. There are 48 tubulated scales in the lateral line and 5 more on the caudal, 20 scales above the line and 20 below it to the base of the second anal spine. There are about 86 rows of scales above the lateral line to the caudal base and 74 to 76 transverse series below the line. The body is moderately compressed with a large head, the lower jaw strongly projecting. The depth is 2.75 to 2.85, the head 2.5, the rounded caudal 3.75, the pectoral 4.15 times in the length. The small eye is 7.25, the snout 3.8, the interorbital 6.66, the maxillary 2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.8 times in the head. The middle opercular spine is largest, much nearer to the lower than to the upper one. There 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI are 5 rows of needle-like depressible teeth in the front of the upper jaw, the inner ones longest; on the sides a band of small teeth with an outer row of larger fixed teeth. In the lower jaw there is a band of 5 or 6 rows of depressible pointed teeth anteriorly, and 3 rows posteriorly, the inner row much larger than the rest. The color in alcohol is dark brown or reddish brown, with 6 or 7 indistinct darker crossbands and large dark brown spots with darker brown or blue centers scattered over the head, breast, belly, pectoral base, and all fins except the marginal half of the spinous dorsal, which is paler to whitish. The outer half of the pectoral is yellow and unspotted, but the inner side is all spotted. Otherwise the fins are brown like the body. Described from 3 specimens from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands, 146 to 200 mm. in length. Cephalopholis pachycentron (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Serranus pachycenlron Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 295 East Indies. Epinephelus pachycentrum Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 178. Cephalopholis pachycentron Evermann and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906 (1907), p. 76; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 220, fig. 9. Petrometopon pachycentron Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 173. Epinephelw microprion Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 39, pi. 280, fig. 1. Epinephelus boelang Bleeker (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes), Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 40; 8, 1876-77, pi. 346, fig. 5. Dorsal IX, 15 or 16; anal III, 8. There are 80 to 85 scales in the lateral line plus 12 more on the caudal base, and 48 scales with tubules plus 5 more on the caudal base. There are about 20 scales from the lateral line to the dorsal origin and about 25 to the anal origin. The depth is 2.6 to 2.75, the head 2.4 to 2.5, the rounded caudal 4 to 4.4, the pectoral 3.35 to 3.7 times in the length. The eye is small, 5.5 to more than 6 times, the snout 3.8 to 4.2, the in- terorbital 6 to 6.8, the maxillary 2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.8 times in the head. The mouth is large with projecting chin, the maxillary extending far beyond the eye. The middle opercular spine is much nearer to the lower than to the upper spine. There is a pair (sometimes doubled) of canines at the front of the upper jaw, with about 5 rows of needle-like teeth, depressible, the front teeth of the inner row longest, passing into a narrow 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 151 band of very small fixed teeth with an outer row of larger fixed teeth. In the lower jaw there is a pair of canines at the symphysis, with a band of 5 to 7 rows of needle-like depressible teeth anteriorly, passing into a band of 3 rows of similar teeth posteriorly, the inner teeth longest. The color in alcohol varies from pale to dark brown, with 6 to 8 more or less well-defined darker vertical crossbands, most con- spicuous posteriorly. The entire head is covered with blue, brown- margined spots. The fins are all brown to blackish brown, the upper margin of the dorsal spines paler. Sometimes the caudal is margined by a yellowish line. Described above from 13 specimens, 70 to 134 mm. in length, collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Another specimen, 166 mm. long, from the same locality, is blackish brown with traces of the vertical bars showing, but without spots on the head. The pectorals are blackish brown, the other fins black. I place with the last another, 75 mm. long, which is plain, blackish brown, with the margin of the spinous dorsal paler and the posterior margin of the caudal pale yellowish. Cephalopholis miniatus (Forskal). Perca miniata Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 41 Red Sea. Serranus miniatus Riippell, Atlas, Fische, 1828, p. 10, pi. 26, fig. 3; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 5, pi. 5; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 24, pi. 6, fig. 2. Epinephelus miniatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 41; Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2., 1, 1895, p. 191. Cephalopholis miniatus Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 35; Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 175; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 210, fig. 8. Epinephelus cyanostigmatoides Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 283, fig. 3. Dorsal IX, 15 or 16; anal III, 9. There are 50 to 56 tubulated scales in the lateral line, 14 to 16 above and 28 to 34 below. The depth is 2.9, the head 2.5 times in the length. The eye is 5.5 times, the snout 4.5 times in the head. The rounded caudal is 1.7 times in the head. In alcohol the color is orange red, the body covered with dark- margined blue spots which extend upon the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, but are absent on the pectorals and ventrals. Three specimens, collected at Maraa, Tahiti, seem to be the young of this species. They are 22 to 24 mm. long. When taken 152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI they were spotted with blue, but their color and markings have largely faded, leaving them brown. Cephalopholis leopardus (Lace'pede). Labrus leopardus LacSpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 6, 1802, pp. 165, 260, pi. 18, fig. 1 Great Equatorial Ocean, on Commerson. Sen-onus leopardus Giinther, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 4, pi. 3, fig. B; Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 25, pi. 6, fig. 4. Epinephelus leopardus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 44, pi. 288, fig. 2; Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 195. Cephalopholis leopardus Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1925 (1926), p. 258; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 285; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 176; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 217. Dorsal IX, 14; anal III, 9. There are 45 to 52 tubulated scales in the lateral line, 75 to 80 scales in the lateral line, plus 12 to 15 on the caudal base, 12 to 15 above and 25 to 28 below the line. The depth is 2.6 to 2.75, the head 2.5 to 2.75, the rounded caudal 5 times in the length. The eye is 5 to 6.5, the snout 3.9 to 4.5, the maxillary 2 to 2.25 times in the head. The interorbital equals the eye. The mouth is large, the lower jaw projecting, the maxillary extending beyond the eye. The teeth are in bands, in 3 or 4 rows on the sides of the lower jaw, becoming 2 rows posteriorly, the inner row long and depressible. There are narrow bands of fine teeth on the vomer and palatines. The posterior preopercular margin is minutely serrate. The median opercular spine is closer to the lower than to the upper spine. The long opercular flap is pointed. The color in life is olive above becoming dusky along the dorsal base and anteriorly, the lower half paler with circular scarlet to orange red spots sprinkled over the head below the eye, the sides, anal, and caudal; most conspicuous on the head, breast, and abdomen. One or 2 conspicuous black spots with white margins on the top of the caudal peduncle. The caudal fin is conspicuously barred by 2 convergent dusky bands. There is a large dusky blotch on the opercle and behind it on the opercular flap is a deep black spot. The soft dorsal and anal both have a red submarginal band. In alcohol the color is pale brown to dark brown, the red spots largely disappearing or else becoming darker than the ground color. The ocellated saddle spots on the top of the caudal peduncle are prom- inent, as are the oblique bands on the caudal. The dusky and black spots on the opercle are very plain. Two specimens, 105 and 109 mm. in length, were taken at Ugi Island, and one, 108 mm. long, at Auki, Malaita Island, Solomon 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 153 Islands. A specimen, 90 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomons, is pale brown with 6 double, reticulated, dark brown, vertical crossbands; in other respects it is typical of the species. Cephalopholis urodelus (Bloch and Schneider). Percam urodetam (Forster) Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 333 St. Christina, Waitaho. Serranus urodelus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 306; Gunther, Fische der Stidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 3, pi. 3, fig. A. Epinephelus urodelus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 41; 8, 1876-77, pi. 321, fig. 2; Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 192. Cephalopholis urodelus Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 258; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 175; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 214. Dorsal IX, 14 or 15; anal III, 9. There are about 55 tubulated scales in the lateral line to the caudal base plus 5 or 6 more on the latter, and 90 to 92 scales in longitudinal series to the caudal base, plus 10 or 15 more on the latter. There are 14 to 16 scales above and 26 to 30 below the lateral line. The depth is 2.8 to 3.1, the head 2.5 to 2.7, the caudal 4.1 times in the length. The eye is 4.5 to 5.5, the snout 3.8 to 4, the interorbital 6, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.85 to 2.9 times in the head. The color in life is brilliant deep red, with 2 broad white cross- bands on the caudal, converging behind and cutting off the corners. The caudal is otherwise dark red or blackish red; the dorsals and anal often have white marginal bands. The soft dorsal and anal may be red or blackish red. The pectorals are usually dusky basally, the outer part orange, or it may be all clear red. In alcohol the color is usually blackish brown, more or less spotted with whitish on the breast and pectoral base, the white bands on the caudal very conspicuous, the dark red of the dorsals and anal usually be- coming blackish. Many specimens were taken by hook and line, by traps, and by dynamite in the New Hebrides, the Solomon Islands, and on the coast of Waigiu and Celebes, but only a few were kept. Four speci- mens, 116 to 124 mm. long, are in the collection from Hog Harbor, Espiritu Santo Island, New Hebrides. Cephalopholis rogaa (Forskal). Perca rogaa Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 38 Red Sea. Serranus rogaa Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 349; Ruppell, Atlas, Fische, 1828, p. 105, pi. 26, fig. 1. 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Epinephelus rogaa Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 185. Cephalopholis rogaa Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 233. Dorsal IX, 17; anal III, 10. There are about 50 tubulated scales in the lateral line plus 5 more on the caudal base, 28 above it to the dorsal origin and 30 below it to the anal origin. There are 90 trans- verse rows of scales above the lateral line from the upper angle of the gill opening to the caudal base. The depth is 2.25, the head 2.85, the caudal 4.35, the pectoral 4.5 times in the length. The eye is 7.6, the snout 3.25, the interorbital 6.3, the maxillary 1.85, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.25 times in the head. The head is very deep, the mouth very oblique with projecting lower jaw, the maxillary extending beneath the posterior part of the eye. The inner teeth are depressible, with a pair of canines at the front in each jaw. The teeth of the mandible are in 3 rows, narrowing to one row of large depressible teeth at the back. The hind margin of the preopercle is minutely serrate. Small accessory scales are at the base of many scales on the upper half of the head and trunk. The basal part of the fins is covered with very small scales which may extend over a large part of each fin. The broad caudal is truncate. The color in alcohol is uniformly deep blackish brown, the fins all black. The inside of the mouth and gill opening are more or less orange. The spinous dorsal has a marginal paler band, probably violet in life. Described from a specimen, 305 mm. long, collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomons. A rare fish, reserved in the old days for royalty. Epinephelus labriformis (Jenyns). Serranus labriformis Jenyns, Zool. Voy. Beagle, Fishes, 1840, p. 8, pi. 3 Galapagos Islands. Epinephelus labriformis Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 1155. Dorsal XI, 15; anal III, 8. There are 90 to 100 scales in a longi- tudinal series, 55 tubulated scales in the lateral line, 9 above and 40 below it. The depth is 3 times, the head 2.5 times in the length. The eye is 6 times in the head and two-thirds of the pointed snout, which is 3.86 times in the head. The convex caudal is twice in the head. The lower jaw is strongly projecting. The maxillary extends nearly to the hind margin of the eye. The color in life is reddish brown, paler below, with rather small rounded nearly white spots on the sides, pectoral base, and under 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 155 parts, and small rounded pale spots above and on fins. In alcohol the color is dark brown with rounded pale or white spots and blotches, which are most distinct on lower half of head and lower half of body. There is a conspicuous black spot behind the dorsal on top of the caudal peduncle. This fish is common around the rocky coasts of Cocos Island and the Galapagos Islands, and is easily caught with hook and line. Two specimens, each 286 mm. long, were caught at Cocos Island. At Eden Island, Galapagos, a specimen, 275 mm. long, and one, 305 mm. long, were obtained. Epinephelus austral is (Castelnau). Serranus australis Castelnau, Intercol. Exhib. Essays Viet. Dep. (Res. Fish. Australia), 2, 1875, p. 7 Cape York, Darnley Island. Epinephelus australis Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 215, pi. 6 New Britain. Dorsal XI, 15; anal III, 8. There are 2 rows of teeth in the mandible. The color is dark purplish brown, thickly strewn with small whitish dots or tiny spots, most numerous and distinct below the lateral line. The spots were white when the specimen was collected. The pectoral is olive, the other fins all black or brownish black. A small specimen, 35 mm. long, obtained from a tide pool at Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas, is referred here. It is near E. albo- punctulatus Boulenger, but the second dorsal spine is not longer than those following and the maxillary is naked, although it extends to the posterior margin of the eye. Epinephelus coeruleo-punctatus (Bloch). Holocentrus coeruleo-punctatus Bloch, Ichtyologie, 7, 1797, p. 74, pi. 242, fig. 2. Serranus coeruleopunctatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 366; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 183; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 277, figs. 18 and 19. Epinephelus coeruleo-punctatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 62. Epinephelus albogutlatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 284, fig. 1. Serranus hoevenii Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., 22, 1849, p. 36; Playfair and Gtinther, Fishes Zanzibar, 1866, p. 9, pi. 2, fig. 3. Epinephelus hoevenii Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 63, pi. 282, fig. 1, pi. 286, fig. 3, pi. 290, fig. 4. Dorsal XI, 15; anal III, 8. There are 52 to 55 tubulated scales in the lateral line plus 3 or 4 more on the caudal base, 16 to 20 above and about 24 below the line. There are 95 to 100 rows of scales in 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI lateral series plus 12 to 15 more on the caudal base. The basal portion of each fin is covered with minute, closely crowded scales. The depth is 3.25, the head 2.3, the caudal 4.7, the pectoral 3.7 times in the length. The eye is 4.85, the snout 3.8, the interorbital 7.3, the maxillary 2.35, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.8 times in the head. The mouth is large, the lower jaw projecting, the maxillary extending beneath the posterior part of the eye. The teeth are in villiform bands, in 9 or 10 rows anteriorly, narrowing at the posterior end to a single row. The color in alcohol is brown or dark purplish brown, with many small rounded whitish spots which may unite to form wavy and more or less longitudinal short stripes or bars, and with a few very large whitish rounded blotches scattered over the sides. The fins are covered with small white spots like those on the body, the soft dorsal and anal each with a narrow whitish marginal line. The maxillary groove is blackish brown. The young are dark purplish brown, with large, widely spaced and conspicuous white spots on the trunk and head, the black fins with smaller white spots. Two young specimens, 39 and 47 mm. long, were taken at Wala Island, New Hebrides. Described from a specimen, 178 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Epinephelus ongus (Bloch). Holocentrus ongus Bloch, Ichtyologie, 7, 1797, p. 52, pi. 234. Serranus ongus Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Ber., 1865, p. 102. Epinephelus ongus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 64. Serranus batariensis Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., 22, 1849, p. 38. Epinephelus bataviensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 282, fig. 2. Dorsal XI, 15; anal III, 8. There are about 65 tubulated scales in the lateral line, plus 5 more on the caudal base, 17 above and 30 below it, and 98 scales in a longitudinal series from the upper angle of the gill opening to the caudal base and 10 more on the latter. The depth is 3, the head 2.68 times in the length. The eye is 5.3, the snout is 4, the interorbital 6.75 times in the head. The broadly rounded caudal equals the pectoral, 1.6 times in the head. The mouth is large, with small canines, the teeth in bands, those on the sides of the lower jaw in 3 rows. The maxillary extends below the posterior margin of the eye. The color in alcohol is yellowish white, densely spotted with dark brown, the spots rounded, hexagonal, or coalescing and forming 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 157 elongate streaks along the middle of the sides and on the caudal peduncle, the ground color appearing merely as an irregular network. The fins are dark brown edged with yellowish, and are covered with yellowish circular spots and elongate streaks; the pectoral, however, is only spotted basally, externally. Within, the spots cover all but the marginal portion. Here described from a specimen, 164 mm. long, caught with hook and line in the surf at Papenoo, Tahiti. It is almost exactly like Bleeker's excellent figure published under the name of E. bataviensis. Boulenger placed this under E. summana (Forskal), an arrange- ment followed by Fowler. However, in view of the marked differences between ongus and typical E. summana, I must keep them separate, at least for the present. Bloch gave the type locality as Japan and the name of the fish as "ican ongus." "Ikan" is the Malay word for fish, and is not a Japanese word, while the fish is unknown in Japan. Undoubtedly Bloch's specimen came from somewhere in Malaysia, probably Java. A fine specimen, 263 mm. long, was taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider). Holocentrus malabaricus Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, p. 319, pi. 63 Tranquebar. Serranus malabaricus Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 19, pi. 4, fig. 2; Fowler and Bean, Bull. 100, U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 1930, p. 289. Epinephelus malabaricus Sauvage, Hist. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 67; Jordan and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906 (1907), p. 19. Holocentrus pantherinus Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1802, pi. 27, fig. 3; 4, 1802, pp. 389 and 392. Epinephelus pantherinus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 51. Epinephelus crapao Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 286, fig. 1. (For further synonymy see Fowler and Bean, cited above.) Dorsal XI, 15; anal III, 8. There are 60 tubulated scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, with about 15 more extending far out on the caudal. There are 18 scales from the lateral line to the dorsal origin, 32 to the anal origin. The scales at the bases of the fins are small to minute. The depth is 3.47, the head 2.6, the caudal 4.3, the pectoral 5.6 times in the length. The eye is 5.6, the snout 4, the interorbital 9, the maxillary 2.35, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.7 times in the head. The color in alcohol is dark brown, a little paler below, the body and fins with reddish brown circular spots which largely dis- 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI appear on the anterior half of the trunk. My specimen is like Bleeker's figure cited above. Described from a specimen, 191 mm. long, collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Epinephelus merra Bloch. Epinephelus merra Bloch, Ichtyologie, 7, 1797, p. 17, pi. 329 Japan Sea; Sleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 55, pi. 301, fig. 2; Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 241. Serranus merra Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 181. Serranus hexagonatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 330; Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Zool., 1844, p. 82, pi. 38, fig. 1; Gxinther, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 7, pi. 7, figs. A and B; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 14, pi. 2, fig. 3. Epinephelus stellans Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 54; 8, 1876-77, pi. 332, fig. 4. Dorsal XI, 15 to 17; anal III, 8. There are 55 to 70 scales in the lateral line, 10 to 13 above and 32 to 44 below it. There are 95 to 120 scales in a longitudinal series. The depth is 3 to 3.5, the head 2.6 to 3 times in the length. The eye is 4.5 to 5.2 times in the head, equal to or a little less than the snout. The lower jaw projects strongly. The mouth is large, the posterior angle of the maxillary extending beyond the eye. The teeth are in broad bands, in 3 or 4 rows in the lower jaw, the canines rather small. There are 14 to 17 gill-rakers on the lower arch. In life the entire body is covered with more or less hexagonal clear brown, dark brown, or purplish brown spots, separated by a network of whitish or very pale yellowish or brownish lines, the spots smaller on the head, dorsals, anal, caudal, and ventrals. The pectoral is cream or whitish, thickly set with smaller and more circular spots. In alcohol the color changes but little, merely becoming duller. At Tahiti were collected 2 specimens, 135 and 158 mm. in length and 5 at Bora Bora, 76 to 220 mm. long. Nine specimens of thi widespread species were kept, out of the many found in the tide pools of the reefs near Suva, Viti Levu Island. They varied in length from 66 to 136 mm. in length. This is the commonest serrani( of the coral reefs in shallow water, every tide pool containing number. Where the reef dries off at low tide they do not escape with the retreating water but retire beneath boulders or in holes ramifying through the coral. At Vila, Efat4 Island, New Hebrides a specimen, 118 mm. long, was caught. In Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands, a large specimen, nearly a meter long, was caught with hook and line. This specimen, weighing 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 159 about 12 kilograms, was eaten. At Ugi Island, Solomons, a speci- men, 102 mm. long, was collected. Mycteroperca olfax (Jenyns). Serranus olfax Jenyns, Zool., Voy. Beagle, Fishes, p. 9, pi. 4, 1840 Gala- pagos Islands. Mycteroperca olfax Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 1, 1896, p. 1183; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6, 1905, p. 368. Dorsal XI, 17; anal III, 11. There are 110 to 120 scales in a longitudinal series, about 75 tubulated scales in the lateral line, 20 above and 50 below it. The depth is about 3.1 times, the very large head 2.7 in the length. The eye is 6 times, the snout 3.3 times, the depth of the broad caudal peduncle 2.9 times in the head. The narrow pectoral is 1.8 times, the broad, truncate caudal 1.4 times in the head. The mouth is large, the chin projecting, the maxillary extending back beneath the anterior edge of the pupil. The dorsal and anal are low, the fourth spine longest, 2.8 times in the head. The nostrils are very close together, the posterior one more than twice the diameter of the anterior. The color in life is dark olive brown, spotted with paler and purplish brown, becoming gray brown underneath. The fins are all dusky. In alcohol the color is dark brown above, becoming blackish brown on top of the head and before the dorsal, the under parts pale brown. The fins are blackish, the soft dorsal, anal, pectorals, and caudal each with a fine white marginal line. Here described from a specimen, 280 mm. long, collected at Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands. This species is very abundant about Albemarle and Narborough Islands. Large numbers were caught by trolling and still-fishing at Tagus Cove, Albemarle, and off Narborough. Mr. Briggs, the second mate, caught several hundred pounds in less than an hour, by still-fishing. Specimens up to a meter in length were caught by trolling. The largest caught weighed about 25 pounds. Paralabrax albomaculatus (Jenyns). Serranus albomaculatus Jenyns, Zool., Voy. Beagle, Fishes, p. 3, pi. 2, 1840 Galapagos Islands. Paralabrax albomaculatus Jordan and Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 181; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6, 1905, p. 370. Dorsal X, 14 to 15; anal III, 7. There are 85 to 100 scales in a longitudinal series, 65 to 70 tubulated scales in the lateral line, 14 to 18 above and 31 or 32 below it. The depth is 3.5 times, the 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI head 2.85 times in the length. The eye is 5.3 times, the snout a trifle less than 3 times in the head. The interorbital is a little wider than the eye. The chin is strongly projecting, the large mouth is nearly horizontal, the broad maxillary extending beneath the posterior third of the eye. The third dorsal spine is longest, twice in the head, the seventh, eighth, and ninth spines very short and the fin therefore deeply notched, the rayed portion only moderately high. The broad, rounded pectoral is 1.7 times, the slightly lunate caudal 1.5 times in the head. In life the color is dark olive brown on the upper half, the lower half pale brown, with 2 rows of large silvery white spots on each side, the lower row below the lateral line and much more noticeable than the upper one. The opercle, maxillary, subopercle, and lower jaw are suffused with golden. The pectoral, dorsal, and most of the caudal are deep yellow. The spinous dorsal has a black margin. In alcohol the dorsal half is blackish brown, with 2 rows of large pale spots, the head and lower half pale reddish brown. The spinous dorsal and pectoral are yellow. The soft dorsal and anal are dusky. The caudal is dusky with a large whitish lunate marginal band posteriorly. The ventrals are dark purplish brown. Here described from a specimen, 284 mm. long, caught with hook and line at Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands. A young specimen, 36 mm. long, also from Tagus Cove, is placed here. There is a silvery spot on the opercle, and 3 large pale silvery white spots covering most of the ventral half of the body. The color otherwise is pale brown. The spinous dorsal is dusky, the ventrals dusky bluish, the other fins pale. Paranthias furcifer (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Serranus furcifer Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, p. 264, 182 Brazil. Paranthias furcifer Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 273. Serranus colonus Valenciennes, Voy. Venus, Zool., 1846, p. 300, pi. 2, fig. 1 Galapagos Islands. Dorsal IX, 18 to 20; anal III, 9 or 10. There are about 80 scales with tubules in the lateral line, 5 or 6 more on the caudal, and 122 rows of scales in a longitudinal series from the angle of the gill opening to the caudal base. The depth is 3 or a little less, the head 3.33 times in the length. The eye slightly exceeds the snout and is 4 to 4.16 times in the head. The interorbital is a little broader than the eye. The profile is boldly convex, the lower jaw projecting slightly. The oblique mouth exposes a pair of canines near the tip 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 161 of each jaw. The maxillary extends beneath the posterior third of the eye. The pectoral equals the head. The caudal is deeply lunate, with pointed, elongate tips, a third longer than the head. The dorsal is low, the first spine very short, the longest spine 3 times in the head, the third anal spine a trifle shorter than the longest dorsal spine. The narrow pointed ventrals are a little less than 1.5 times in the head. The color in life is a richly glowing deep cherry red, with a few deep blue or blue green spots in a longitudinal row between the lateral line and the soft dorsal. There is a similar spot on the pectoral base. These spots are most evident on the young and tend to disappear with age. The breast is lined alternately with paler and darker red. The outer margin of the ventrals is blue. The color in alcohol is deep dusky brown above, paler posteriorly, becoming white on the throat and breast, the sides with faint longitudinal streaks. The dorsal is blackish brown, the caudal dusky, paler posteriorly with a white marginal line posteriorly or the upper and lower margins whitish. The anal is pale or light brown, reddish basally, with a marginal brown line. The pectoral is brown or blackish brown, the ventrals pale, suffused with dusky. This beautiful and graceful fish is very abundant in the deep, rocky recesses of Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, Galapagos Islands, and about the rocky cliffs of Cocos Island. Seventeen specimens, from 90 to 184 mm. long, were collected at Cocos. Several hundred were obtained at Tagus Cove by the explosion of a small piece of dynamite, but only 9 specimens, 80 to 195 mm. in length, were kept. Anthias mooreanus Herre. Anthias moorensis Herre, Jour. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., 6, No. 4, 1931, p. 10 (name only). Anthias mooreanus Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12, 1935, p. 405. Dorsal X, 16; anal III, 6; scales 6-54-15, 4 between middle dorsal spines and lateral line. Depth 3, head 3.66, pectoral 3.66 in length. Eye 3.6, snout 4.4, interorbital 3.4, fourth dorsal spine 2.5, height of soft dorsal 2.16, third anal spine 2.88, height of anal 2.16, depth of caudal peduncle 2.16 in head. Body compressed, somewhat ellipsoid, dorsal and ventral profiles moderately and almost equally convex. Head small, pointed. Mouth oblique. Mandible slightly projecting. Maxillary extends beneath pupil, expanded portion two-thirds as wide as eye. A pair of outwardly curved canines at middle and a 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI pair of straight ones a little farther back in upper jaw, all visible when mouth is closed. A single row of coarse teeth in upper jaw. A pair of hooked canines at middle of lower jaw. One row of fine teeth in lower jaw. A patch of teeth on vomer, apparently none on palatines. Tongue smooth. Posterior edge of preopercle serrated, teeth en- larged at angle. Interopercle not serrated. Opercle with 2 spines, the upper one much larger. Three or 4 small serrations on lower part of opercle and a few very small ones on subopercle. Entire trunk and head, except lips, covered with scales. Dorsals and anal have a low scaly sheath. Dorsal origin slightly behind gill opening. First dorsal spine less than half the second, the fourth the longest, the last six subequal. No dorsal notch. Soft dorsal pointed behind. Third anal spine longest. Caudal lunate, longer than head, lower lobe elongate, filiform, 1.5 times the head. Ventrals pointed. Color in life red, with 2 longitudinal bands, one extending back from behind eye, the other from behind pectoral. One specimen, collected at Moorea Island, Society Islands. Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg). Perca sexlineata Thunberg, Kon. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh., 13, 1792, p. 142 pi. 5 Abhor Slagtet. Grammistes sexlineatus Klunzinger, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1, 1884, p. 10 Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 346; Jordan anc Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 260, pi. 38, fig. 2 Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 187. Grammistes orientalis Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 28, pi. 9, fig. 1 ; Bleeker Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 70; 8, 1876-77, pi. 337, fig. 5. Dorsal VI or VII, 13 or 14; anal II, 8. There are 65 to 70 scales in the lateral line, 10 or 11 above and 25 to 30 below. The depth is 2.5 to 2.6, the head 2.66 to 2.9 times in the length. The eye and snout are about equal, or in small specimens the eye may be notice- ably larger, 3.5 to 4 times in the head. The lower jaw projects and has a more or less developed dermal appendage on the chin. The mouth is large, the maxillary extending below the hind margin of the eye or beyond. The opercle has 3 strong and nearly equidistant spines. The color is dark brown, chocolate, or blackish brown, with 3 to 7, more commonly 4, broad white longitudinal stripes, and a white line from the tip of the snout to the dorsal. In the young the first dorsal spine is white, the rest of the spinous dorsal blackish brown, the other fins all pale. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 163 Two young specimens, each 28 mm. long, were collected at Nukulau Island, Fiji. A specimen of the same length was also taken at Wala Island, New Hebrides. Family PLESIOPIDAE Plesiops melas Bleeker. Plesiops melas Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., 22, 1848, Bijdr. Ichth. Bali, p. 9 Bali; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 378, fig. 91. Pharopteryx melas Jordan and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 261, pi. 38, fig. 3. Dorsal XI, 8; anal III, 9. There are 15 to 17 scales in the upper part of the lateral line, and 8 to 12 more in the lower section, plus 2 more on the caudal base. There are 2 above and 9 below the lateral line, but in those with 10 or 12 tubulated scales in the lower section plus 3 in the caudal base the lower section extends forward beyond the anal origin and there are but 5 scales between it and the anal origin. The depth is 3 to 3.4, the head 2.5 to 2.75, the caudal 3.3 to 3.5, the ventrals about 2.3 times in the length. The eye is 3.9 to 4.4, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.55 to 2.7 times in the head. There are 6 or 7 rows of scales on the preopercle. The fins are as in P. nigricans. In life the color is black or blackish, the spinous dorsal with a brick red or scarlet margin. In alcohol the color is chocolate brown or black, the dorsal margined with white. Behind the eye 2 broad black stripes run back to the rear margin of the opercle and a third narrower stripe runs down and back from the lower margin of the eye, along the upper part of the maxillary and a short distance beyond it. Two specimens, 33 and 49 mm. long, were taken at Wala Island, and 26, from 12 to 60 mm. long, at Malo Island, New Hebrides. Plesiops nigricans (Riippell). Pharopteryx nigricans Riippell, Atlas, Fische, Rothen Meers, 1828, p. 15, pi. 4, fig. 2 Mohila, Red Sea; Jordan and Scale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 260. Plesiops nigricans Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 5; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 390, fig. 3; Weber and Beaufort, Fishes Indo-Austr. Arch., 5, 1929, p. 375. Plesiops caeruleolineatus Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 5. Plesiops corallicola Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 4, 1853, p. 280; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 87, pi. 58, fig. B. Dorsal XII, 6 or 7; anal III, 7 or 8. There are 18 or 19 scales in the upper section of the lateral line, and 10 to 12 in the lower section, 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI plus 3 more on the caudal base, 3 above and 6 below the line. The depth is 3 to 3.4, the head 2.6 to 3, the caudal 3 to 3.33, the ventrals 3 times in the length. The eye is 3.8 to 4.35, the snout 4.7 to 5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2 to 2.1 times in the head. The robust, oblong body is compressed, the back not elevated, the maxillary extending beyond the eye, the dorsal origin above the opercle. There are 4 or 5 oblique rows of scales on the preopercle. The first dorsal spine is short, the other spines increasing slightly in length posteriorly, but much shorter than the dorsal rays. The dorsal and anal rays are much elongated posteriorly, extending well upon the caudal when depressed. The caudal is rounded, but there is one large specimen in which it is emarginate with the upper and lower tips pointed. The greatly elongated ventrals are inserted before the pectorals and extend to the anal. In life the color is black or very dark brown, with blue spots on the head and frequently on each scale of the body, a large black ocellus on the opercle, margined with red or orange, a black spot behind the upper part of the eye, a short black bar behind the lower part of the eye, and a black stripe running from the lower margin of the eye down and back above the maxillary. The fins are all black, the spinous dorsal with a broad dull blue margin, the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal with a blue or white marginal line, and the pectoral with its posterior margin red. In alcohol the color is olive brown to blackish brown, often with several darker crossbars, the ocellus and dark spots and bars on the head as in life, but the blue spots usually disappear. The red of the pectoral and the blue of the other fins changes to white. The following specimens were obtained in the New Hebrides: one, 67 mm. long, at Vila, Efat Island, 7, from 33 to 100 mm. long, at Wala Island, and 2, 62 and 95 mm. long, at Malo Island. A specimen, 33 mm. long, taken at Malo, is brown with a pale blue spot on every scale and 4 or 5 transverse rows of blue spots on the caudal; the large dark brown opercular ocellus is margined with pale blue. On lava-strewn shores the species of Plesiops occur in large num- bers. At low tide they remain concealed under the boulders covering the beach, and apparently are able to get along with an exceedingly limited supply of water, as long as they have wet sand in which to burrow. A single specimen, 65 mm. long, was obtained at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 165 Family PSEUDOCHROMIDAE Genus Nesiotes De Vis. Nesiotes De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 8, 1883-84, p. 453. Gills 3}/6, no slit behind the last one; the large gill membranes narrowly united, free from the isthmus. The large lower pharyngeals are not ankylosed, but separate, with bluntly conical teeth. The palatines bear a row of stout serrate teeth. The vomer has a patch of teeth. There are 4 anterior canines in the lower and 6 in the upper jaw ; no posterior canines. Each jaw has a single row of conical teeth, close-set but not fused basally. Pseudobranchiae are present. The nostrils are double on each side, the posterior conspicuous. The dorsal is continuous, with 3 stiff spines, 10 articulated spines and 15 rays; the anal with 3 spines and 13 rays; the soft dorsal and anal similar and with scaly basal sheaths. The ventral has 1 spine and 5 rays. It is inserted below the pectoral. There are no axillary scales on the bases of the pectoral or pelvic fins. The rounded caudal is covered with scales for half its length. The lateral line is inter- rupted, the upper part parallel with the dorsal outline to below the middle of the soft dorsal. It is resumed along the median line of the caudal peduncle. The body is oblong, compressed, the dorsal profile rather high, the head longer than deep, the snout rather blunt, the preopercle with small, the opercle with large scales. The premaxillary is protractile. The lower jaw projects slightly. The lips are not thickened as in the Labridae, which group this fish strongly resembles. The margins of the membranous bones of the head are smooth. The scales are ctenoid for the most part those on the head, on the predorsal region above the lateral line, and on the breast cycloid. Branchiostegals 5. Nesiotes purpurascens De Vis. Fig. 8. Nesiotes purpurascens De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 8, 1883-84, p. 453 South Seas; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 189, copied from De Vis. Dorsal III, X, 15; anal III, 13. There are 25 tubulated scales in the upper part of the lateral line on one side, 29 on the other side of my specimen. The lower division begins several scales behind the end of the upper section and has 5 tubulated scales, plus 2 more on the caudal base. There are 39 scales in a median longitudinal series from the angle of the opercle to the caudal base. There are 5 scales above the line to the dorsal origin and 14 below to the anal origin. The anterior profile of the compressed body descends in a steep 166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI unbroken line from the dorsal origin to the tip of the snout. The greatest depth is at the dorsal origin and equals the head, 2.9 times in the length. The circular eye is 4, the snout 3.73, the inter- orbital 5.6 times in the head. The mouth is oblique with projecting chin, the maxillary extending to beneath the middle of the pupil. The teeth are as already given in the generic diagnosis. There are 4 rows of small overlapping scales on the preopercle, and 4 or 5 large scales on the opercle, plus 3 more smaller ones on the upper part, none of them imbricate. The first dorsal spine is very short, the second one about 3 times as long, the third one 4 times the first and equal to the snout, the tenth spine 3 times in the head. Th FIG. 8. Nesiotes purpurascens De Vis, Vila, Efate Island, New Hebrides. dorsal rays are higher posteriorly, twice in the head. The anal spines are stout, the third a little higher than the second, 3.2 times in the head. The posterior anal rays equal those of the dorsal, both fins pointed posteriorly and extending upon the caudal when de- pressed. The pectoral equals the caudal, 3.8 times in the length. The least depth of the wide, flattened caudal peduncle is a little more than twice in the head. The ventrals extend to the origin of the anal, 3.25 times in the length. The color in alcohol is brown, the head paler beneath, each scale with a dark purplish brown basal bar or spot, these spots forming longitudinal and vertical rows. The dorsals, anal, and ventrals are blackish brown, the caudal pale brown. The pectoral is pale with a black vertical bar at the base of the rays. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 167 Here described from a specimen, No. 17340, Field Museum of Natural History, 65 mm. long, collected in the harbor of Vila, Efat Island, New Hebrides. The only other specimen ever observed was the one described by De Vis. He gave its length as 2J^ inches, or 64 mm., but this included the caudal fin. " The fish described and figured by McCulloch (Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the F. I. S. Endeavour, 5, part 4, p. 188, pi. 49) as Pseudochromis (Pseudochromis) purpuras- cens is certainly not the same species as the one described by De Vis under the name Nesiotes purpurascens. It has been renamed Pseudochromis mccullochi by Dr. George S. Myers (Copeia, 1932, No. 1, p. 30). Pseudochromis tapeinosoma Bleeker. Pseudochromis tapeinosoma Bleeker, Derde Bijdr. Ichthy. Amboina, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 4, 1853, p. 115; Bleeker, Pseudochromidoides, Acad. Roy. Neerl. Sci., 15, 1875, p. 23, pi. 1, fig. 1. Dorsal II, 21; anal II, 13; the lateral line is interrupted, 25 scales in the upper part, 8 in the lower. The depth of the elongate, compressed body is 3.9, the head 3.5 times in the length. The head is pointed, the dorsal and ventral profiles alike, moderately convex. The eye is large, prominent, high up, even with the profile, 3.5 times in the head. The snout is short, 1.3 times in the eye, 4.7 times in the head. The interorbital is 2.38 times in the eye. The posterior end of the maxillary extends below the anterior third of the eye. The lateral line curves up to 1 scale below the dorsal, running back almost to the posterior extremity of the fin. The lower portion begins on the third scale below the last scale of the upper part and continues to the caudal base, with 1 tubule on the base of the fin. The vertical fins are low. The short, rounded pectoral very slightly exceeds the rounded caudal, 1.5 times in the head. The pointed ventrals are about 6 times in the length or 1.7 times in the head. The color in alcohol is uniform dark olive brown, the vertical fins and the caudal black, the pectorals and the ventrals brownish gray. This rare fish was originally described from 2 small specimens, 38 and 45 mm. long, from Amboina. Later Bleeker had 5 more from Sumatra, Buru, Ceram, and Goram, all in the Dutch East Indies. One from the reef at Suva is 39 mm. long and agrees in all essentials with Bleeker's description. 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Pseudogramma polyacanthus Bleeker. Pseudogramma polyacanthus Bleeker, Verb. Akad. Amsterdam, 15, 1875, p. 25 Ternate; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 389, fig. 1; Herre, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 1903, p. 139. Pseudochromis polyacanlhus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 10, 1856, p. 375 Ternate; Giinther, Fische der Sudsee, 2, 1876-81, p. 159, pi. 98, fig. A; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 189. Dorsal VII, 18 to 21; anal III, 16 or 18. There are 30 to 33 tubu- lated scales in the upper, 22 in the lower division of the lateral line, plus 2 more on the caudal base. In a specimen 65 mm. long, the depth is 3.3, the head 2.7 times in the length. The eye and snout are equal, 2.7 times in the head. The least depth of the caudal peduncle is 3.4, the caudal 2.18, the pectoral 1.6 times in the head. The body is compressed, the upper profile arched, the lower jaw projecting. The eyes are high, close together, dorsolateral in position. The mouth is large, moderately oblique, the maxillary extending beyond the eye. The color in alcohol is brown with irregular dark brown stripes on the sides of the head and numerous dark brown vertical spots on the sides of the body. The dorsals, anal, and caudal are black, the anal with a white marginal line. The pectorals and ventrals are brown Three specimens, 29 to 65 mm. in length, were taken at Maraa Tahiti. Another, about the size of the largest Tahitian specimen was collected on a reef near Suva, Fiji. Family PRIACANTHIDAE Priacanthus cruentatus (Lace"pede). Labrus cruentatus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1800, p. 522, from a copj of a plate made by Plumier at Martinique. Priacanthus cruentatus Boulenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 189J p. 352; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 19C (1905), p. 229, fig. 94. Dorsal X, 12 or 13; anal III, 14. There are 100 to 115 scales ii a longitudinal series, 11 above and 51 to 53 below the lateral line. There are about 76 tubulated scales in the lateral line. The oblong, deep, compressed body has the dorsal and ventral outlines much alike, the depth 2.6 to 2.7 times, the head 3 to 3.2 times in the length. Tht eye is large, 2.25 to 2.5 times, the blunt snout 3.4 to 4 times ii the head. The lower jaw projects strongly, the oblique mouth is large, the maxillary extending to beneath the pupil. The dorsal and anal spines are low, the rays higher. The small pectoral is 1.1 times in the head. The caudal is slightly shorter than the head. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 169 In life the whole fish is rose red or brilliant glowing red, with a silvery luster over all. Sometimes when removed from the water it is mottled with white and bright red, or is blotched or vertically barred by darker red, but I believe these variations are changes due to fright and to color changes consequent upon death. In alcohol the color becomes plain whitish or yellowish, somewhat dusky above and paler below, with silvery sheen. The members of this group live in holes and eddies about bold rocky shores and are much prized as food. Two specimens were collected at Cocos Island, each 199 mm. in length. At Maraa, Tahiti, 2 specimens, 68 to 71 mm. in length, were taken. They were sprinkled with numerous black specks above the lateral line. At Papeete, Tahiti, 5 specimens, 68 to 76 mm. long, were secured. At Bora Bora 2 more, 147 and 182 mm. in length, were taken. Priacanthus hamrur (Forskal). Sciaena hamrur Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xi, 45 Red Sea. Priacanthus hamrur Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1876, p. 13, pi. 353, fig. 3; Bou- lenger, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., ed. 2, 1, 1895, p. 355. Dorsal X, 13; anal III, 13 or 14. There are 68 to 80 scales in the lateral line. The body is deep, strongly compressed, the upper profile slightly elevated, the ventral outline strongly curved, the depth 2.7, the head 3.2, the caudal 3, the ventral 3.4 times in the length. The eye is very large, high up, 2.16 times in the head. The snout is 0.7 of the eye. The interorbital is 4, the pectoral 1.7 times in the head. The mouth is nearly vertical, with very prominent chin, the maxillary prominent, its posterior angle not extending to a vertical from the pupil, its greatest breadth half the eye. The dorsal spines increase in length to the last, which is 2.3 times in the head. The ventral is nearly as long as the head, reaching the anal. The third anal spine is 2.75 times in the head. The caudal is lunate, the lobes produced, especially the upper one. In life the color is red or coppery red, becoming paler beneath, with a silvery luster. The pectoral is yellow, the other fins more or less yellowish, their margins or sometimes most of the fin black or blackish. In alcohol the color is gray or reddish gray, the lower half silvery, the yellowish fins blackish marginally. A fine specimen, 210 mm. long, was collected at Takaroa, Tuamotu Archipelago. 170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Family PEMPHERIDAE Pempheris dispar Herre. Fig. 9. Pempheris dispar Herre, Jour. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., 6, 1931, p. 6 (name only). Pempheris dispar Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12, 1935, p. 407. Dorsal V or VI, 7 or 8; anal III, 22 or 23; scales 6-59 or 60+7- 15 or 16, predorsal 29 or 30. Depth 2.65 to 2.75, head 2.75 to 2.8, caudal 3.3 to 3.45, pectoral 3.66 to 3.8, length anal base 3.1 to 3.25 in length. Eye 2.375 to 2.6, snout 3.8 to 4.1, interorbital 3.5 to 4, FIG. 9. Pempheris dispar Herre, Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. depth of caudal peduncle 3.5 to 4 in head. Mouth oblique. Chin prominent. Maxillary reaches beyond middle of eye. Lateral lin( nearly straight. Preopercle not serrated. Eighteen specimens, collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Sol( mon Islands. Family LUTIANIDAE Lu tia tins Jordan! (Gilbert). Neomaenis jordani Gilbert, Fishes of Panama, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1897, and in Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1898, p. 1251 Panama. Lutianus jordani Gilbert and Starks, Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4, 1904, p. 102. Dorsal X, 14; anal III, 8; there are 48 scales in the lateral line, 6 between it and the dorsal origin and 13 from it to the anal origin. The head is 2.7 times, the depth 3 times in the length. The eye is 3.75 times, the snout 3.2 times in the head. The maxillary, extends 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 171 beneath the anterior edge of the pupil. The teeth on the vomer form a diamond-shaped patch. The long, pointed pectoral is a sixth shorter than the head. The caudal is 1.3 times in the head. The color in alcohol is a warm reddish brown or purplish brown, the top of the head and the anterior dorsal region darker. The fins are darker, except the pectoral, which is paler than the general body color. Two specimens, each 224 mm. in length, were caught with hook and line at Cocos Island. Lutianus kasmira (Forskal). Sciaena kasmira Forsk&l, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xi, 46 Arabia. Lutianus kasmira Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 261. Holocentrus bengalensis Bloch, Ichtyologie, 7, 1797, p. 82, pi. 246, fig. 2. Lutjanus bengalensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 55, pi. 333, fig. 4. Diacope octolineata Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 418. Dorsal X, 14 or 15; anal III, 8 or 9. There are 80 to 85 scales in a longitudinal series above and 68 to 70 below the lateral line, 8 or 9 above, and 11 or 12 below the lateral line. The depth of the oblong, compressed body is 2.9, the head 2.6 times in the length. The eye is nearly 4.4 times, the snout 2.85 times in the head. The long, pointed pectoral is 1.1 to 1.2 times, the deeply emarginate caudal 1.3 times in the head. The color in life is light golden cream to golden yellow, with four longitudinal blue stripes, each stripe margined with deep violet, all the colors very brilliant. The fins are yellow to golden, the dorsal margined with violet. In alcohol the color above is brown, becoming whitish beneath, the stripes pale blue with brown margins. The fins are dusky yellowish to whitish, the dorsal margined with blackish. Four specimens, 121 to 145 mm. in length, were collected at Nuka Hiva Island, Marquesas. In the Solomon Islands specimens from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, show some differences; 13, ranging in length from 33 to 131 mm., vary in color from silvery to clear brown, with 4 or 5 stripes as in those already described. They also show a dusky blotch on the lateral line, as in Bleeker's figure of Lutjanus quinquelineatus. A specimen, 78 mm. long, from Auki, Malaita Island, is pale yellowish with 6 longitudinal brown lines on the body, the 3 upper ones somewhat oblique, the others horizontal, with a black blotch on the 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI upper half of the caudal peduncle at the caudal base, with a broad pale or whitish ring about it. Lutianus oligolepis Bleeker. Luljanus oligolepis Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam, 7, 1873, p. 43 Sumatra; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 48, pi. 333, fig. 5. Dorsal X, 13; anal III, 8. There are 48 tubulated scales in the lateral line, plus 7 more on the caudal base and caudal, and 46 rows of scales in a longitudinal series to the caudal base, both above and below the lateral line. The depth is 2.8, the head 2.5, the caudal and pectoral each 3.25 times in the length. The large, rounded eye is 3.7, the snout 3, the interorbital 4.85, the maxillary 2.35, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.9 times in the head. The body is compressed, the profile descending in a nearly straight line from the nape to the snout. There are 2 small canines in the front of the upper jaw, and a patch of teeth on the tongue. The maxillary extends beneath the front margin of the pupil. There are 5 rows of scales on the preopercle, 6 on the opercle. The suborbital is nak and the naked interorbital area extends posteriorly along the middl to the nape. The posterior margin of the preopercle is minutel serrate on the upper portion above the shallow emargination, spiny toothed on the angle below. The first dorsal spine is twice in th second, the third to fifth spines longest, 2.65 times in the head. The last spine is 4.3 times, the penultimate spine 5 times in the head. The second anal spine is 4.35 times in the head, much less than the third, which is 3.6 times. The anal rays are higher than the soft dorsal, the first anal ray 2.35 times in the head. The caudal is somewha emarginate. The color in life was dark violet reddish above, paler to roseate pearly beneath, each row of scales on the lower third of the body with a longitudinal golden line, and a large black spot beneath th anterior dorsal rays and the last 2 dorsal spines. The dorsal was dusky red basally, paler above, the caudal red basally, the fins otherwise all golden. In alcohol the color is olive on the snout, the body reddish dusky above, the sides of the head and trunk reddish to reddish silvery, becoming nearly white beneath, with faint golden or whitish longitudinal lines on each row of scales, an a large black spot on the lateral line below the 3 anterior dorsa rays and 2 last dorsal spines. The dorsal is soiled or dusk gray, the caudal and pectoral are yellowish, the other fins whitish. Described from a specimen, 156 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysab Island, Solomon Islands. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 173 Lutianus biguttatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Serranus biguttalus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 6, 1830, p. 507 Trincomalee. Lulianus biguttatus Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 34, pi. 10, fig. 6. Lutjanus biguttatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 64, pi. 338, fig. 5. Dorsal XI, 11; anal III, 8. There are 46 scales in the lateral line plus 8 more on the caudal, 5 above and 13 below the line. The form is elongate, the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly horizontal, the depth 3.6, the head 2.7, the caudal 4.15, the pectoral 4 times in the length. The eye is 3.6, the snout 3.17, the interorbital 4.5, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.6 times in the head. The mouth is oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting, the maxillary extending beneath the first third of the eye. The posterior margin of the preopercle is finely serrate and has a very slight indentation opposite the very feebly developed opercular knob. The opercle has 2 small flat spines. The teeth in the upper jaw are in a fine band with an outer row of much larger, widely spaced teeth and a few large canines at the front. The outer row in the lower jaw is of large teeth becoming much larger posteriorly, with a narrow band of minute teeth behind in the front of the mandible. The scales above the lateral line are in oblique rows, those below it in horizontal rows. The color in alcohol is dusky above, pale yellowish below, with a black band from the eye to the middle of the caudal base and another black band from the chin along the lower side to above the anal, where it disappears. The interorbital and top of the snout are bluish black. There is a black spot at the upper angle of the pectoral base. The spinous dorsal is dusky, the other fins all yellow- ish. My specimen shows no trace of the 2 silvery or pearly white spots on the back below the dorsal that are typical of the species. Here described from a specimen, 145 mm. long, from Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Lutianus semicinctus Quoy and Gaimard. Lutjanus semicinctus Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 2, 1824, p. 303 Rawak, Waigiu; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 63, pi. 341, fig. 3; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 198. Mesoprion semicinctus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 15, pi. 17. Lutianus semicinctus Scale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 4, 1906, p. 43. Dorsal X, 12; anal III, 8. There are 47 tubulated scales in the lateral line, plus 7 more on the caudal base, 8 above and 15 below the line. The depth of the elongate, compressed body is 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI 2.98, the head 2.6, the emarginate caudal 3.6, the pectoral 3.3 times in the length. The eye is 5, the snout 2.67, the interorbital 4.44, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.9, the fifth dorsal spine 2.75, the second anal spine 3.47 times in the head. The conical snout is as broad as long. The mouth is large, the maxillary ex- tending beneath the eye. There are 6 canines in front of the upper jaw and 16 large teeth along the front and sides of the lower jaw, with bands of teeth in the jaws and narrow bands of fine teeth on the palatines and vomer. In life this is a very handsome snapper, the color above greenish gold, paler with rosy shading on the lower half, with 7 dark violet brown bands across the back, narrowing rapidly and disappearing about the level of the pectoral. At the base of the caudal is a large dark brown blotch, its length equal to the snout. The top of the snout and nape is deep violet brown. The fins are all pink to yellow. In alcohol the color is whitish, greenish dusky dorsally, with 7 blackish crossbands and a large blackish blotch on the caudal base, the top of the head violet brown and the fins all yellowish. Described from a specimen, 209 mm. long, taken at Malo Island, New Hebrides. In the Solomon Islands 2 fine specimens were obtained at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, their lengths 164 and 224 mm., and 3 specimens, 98 to 148 mm. long, at Ugi Island. Lutianus bohar (Forskal). Sciaena bohar Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xi, 46 Arabia. Mesoprion bohar Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 13, pi. 15. Lutjanus bohar Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 64, pi. 348, fig. 4; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 198. Lutianus bohar Jordan and Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 262. Dorsal X or XI, 13 or 14; anal III, 8. There are 48 tubulated scales in the lateral line plus 12 more on the caudal, 9 above and 18 below the line. There are 58 scale rows in a longitudinal series above the line plus 7 more on the caudal base. The depth is 2.4 to 2.6, the head 2.5, the caudal about 3.2 times in the length, the pectoral scarcely shorter than the caudal. The eye is 3.7 to 4.2, the snout 3 to 3.15, the interorbital 3.8 to 4, the maxillary 2.25 to 2.3, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.9 to 3 times in the head. The color in life is dark red, the back dusky, each scale along the side with a pale center, so that longitudinal lines of alternate light and dark are visible, those above the lateral line very oblique, the rest horizontal. Below the soft dorsal are 2 rather small pale silvery spots. The caudal is margined above and below with black- 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 175 ish red, the anal and ventrals are likewise banded submarginally with the same. The spinous dorsal is reddish black. In alcohol the color is pale reddish on the sides and below, the dorsal region a little darker, with longitudinal dusky lines below and oblique lines above the lateral line. The head is bluish olive above. The silvery spots below the soft dorsal are usually prominent, but in one speci- men they are absent. The spinous dorsal and anterior dorsal rays are largely blackish. The caudal is margined above and below with a white line and a broad submarginal blackish stripe. The anterior margin of the anal is a white line with a submarginal black bar. The outer ventral ray is white, the middle of the fin blackish to violet at the inner side. Two specimens, 97 and 104 mm. in length, of this handsome and unmistakable snapper were taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal). Sciaena fulviflamma Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xi, 45 Arabia. Lutjanus fulviflamma Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 65, pi. 344, fig. 3; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 199. Lutianus fulviflamma Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 41, pi. 12, figs. 5 and 6. Dorsal X, 13; anal III, 8. There are 46 to 48 scales in a longi- tudinal series, with 4 to 10 more on the caudal base, 44 or 45 tubulated scales in the lateral line with 3 to 6 more on the caudal base, 7 scales above and 14 below the line. The depth is 2.8 to 3, the head 2.6, the caudal 3.6 times in the length. The eye is 3.3 to nearly 4, the snout 4 times in the head. The maxillary extends to beneath the middle of the eye. The tongue has a patch of teeth. The caudal is emarginate. The color in alcohol is silvery, brownish above, with a large black blotch on the lateral line below the last dorsal spines and the anterior dorsal rays. A specimen, 40 mm. long, was collected at Nukulau Island, Fiji. Another, 31 mm. long, was taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. On the latter the spinous dorsal membrane between the first and third spines is dusky. A specimen collected in the New Hebrides was packed and shipped to Field Museum without being measured. Lutianus lineatus (Quoy and Gaimard). Diacope lineata Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1824, p. 309 Rawak, Waigiu. Mesoprion lineatus Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 193. 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Lutjanus lineatus Sleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 304, fig. 4; 8, 1876-77, p. 69; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 200. Lutianus lineatus Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 264. Dorsal X, 13; anal III, 8 or 9. There are 65 to 70 scales above and 55 to 60 below the lateral line, and about 48 to 50 in the lateral line, 8 above to the dorsal origin and 15 or 16 below to the ana. origin. In life this noble fish is very beautiful. Each scale has a dark golden or brownish golden spot, the spots forming longitudinal rows, with a rich metallic golden luster over all. The dorsals and caudal are dusky above, shading into violet brown and golden violet basally. the other fins all golden with a roseate flush. A number of large specimens, each 450 to 600 mm. long, anc weighing 3 to 4 kilograms apiece or more, were taken at Tenibuli. Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Most of them were eaten, anc the rest were injected with preservative in the hope that thej could be preserved; unfortunately all spoiled. Lutianus marginatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Diacope marginata Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 425 Pondicherry, Oualan. Mesoprion marginatus Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 13, pi. 14. Lutjanus marginatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 69, pi. 349, fig. 2. Lutianus marginatus Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 263. Dorsal X, 13; anal III, 8 (in some specimens 7). There are 48 scales in the lateral line, plus 2 on the caudal base. The depth is 2.7, the head 2.6 times in the length. The eye is 4.1 times in the head, 1.55 times in the snout, which is 2.64 times in the head. The second anal spine and third dorsal spine are the strongest and longest, each a trifle less in length than the snout. The pectoral is nearly as long as the head. The color is red in life, yellowish below, the dorsal fin scarlet with a marginal blackish stripe which becomes wide on the soft dorsal. The caudal is very dark red with white edging on its posterior margin. The anal and ventrals are golden. In alcohol the color may be a pale gray brown, the dorsal spines black-tipped, the soft dorsal with a wide blackish marginal band edged by a white line. The caudal is dusky with a white line on the posterior margin. The pectoral and ventral are pale whitish. The anal is whitish, with its posterior half faintly dusky. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 177 Here described from a specimen, 190 mm. long, collected near Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Other specimens are reddish bronze above, becoming paler to silvery white below, the fins as already given. This is the commonest lutianid in the South Seas. Specimens were obtained as follows: in the Marquesas, 6 at Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, 110 to 146 mm. in length, and 2 at Nuka Hiva Island, 110 to 118 mm. long. At Makatea Island 2 tiny specimens, each 22 mm. long, were taken. This species was abundant on the reef at Tahiti. Ten specimens were kept, ranging from 44 to 150 mm. in length. At Moorea 2 specimens, 129 and 184 mm. long, were obtained; at Bora Bora 4 specimens, 148 to 176 mm. in length; at Suva, Fiji, 1 specimen, 189 mm. long; at Nukulau Island, Fiji, 8 specimens, 34 to 73 mm. long; and at Ovalau Island, Fiji, 1 specimen, 28 mm. long. At Wala Island, New Hebrides, a specimen, 160 mm. long, was taken, and a very fine one, 315 mm. long, at Hog Harbor, Espiritu Santo Island. From the reef at Maraa, Tahiti, 4 specimens, 44 to 78 mm. in length, were collected, which seemed near to L. flavipes, agreeing with that species in color, but different in scales. Dorsal X, 14; anal III, 8; scales in lateral line 48; above it to dorsal 8, below it 15 scales; 60 scales in longitudinal series above the lateral line, 46 in series below it; 11 predorsal scales and 6 rows on the cheek; a slight preopercular notch. The tongue is smooth. There is a black spot on the opercle. The caudal is pale, with a pale crossband, somewhat lunate in shape. A specimen, 135 mm. long, from a fresh-water creek on Kulam- bangra Island, Solomon Islands, has a well-developed notch in the rear margin of the preopercle; the soft dorsal has a blue marginal line. Lutianus gibbus (Forskal). Sciaena gibba Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xi, 46 Arabia. Mesoprion gibbus GUnther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 12, pi. 12 and pi. 13, fig. A. Lutianus gibbus Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 43, pi. 13, figs. 2 and 3; Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 201; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 286. Lutjanus gibbus Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 201. Holocentrus boutton LacSpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1802, pp. 340, 390. Lutjanus bulonensis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 59, pi. 315, fig. 3. Dorsal X, 14; anal III, 8. There are about 50 tubulated scales in the lateral line to the caudal base plus 5 or 6 more on the latter, 8 or 9 scales above and 17 or 18 below the line. The depth equals 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI the head, 2.5 times, the caudal 3.4 to 3.5, the pectoral 3 to 3.1 times in the length. The eye is 3.6 to 4, the snout 2.7 to 2.8, the interorbital 4.6 to 4.9, the maxillary 2.5 to 2.6, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.1 to 3.3 times in the head. The width of the preorbital to the upper lip equals the eye. The jaws are equal, the mouth oblique, the maxillary extending beneath the front margin or the anterior portion of the eye. The posterior edge of the pre- opercle is very deeply indented to receive the large, stout opercular knob. Below the groove the preopercle is coarsely serrate, above it the teeth are very fine. The scales above the lateral line are in oblique rows, and below the line are in wavy oblique lines. In life the color is red or roseate, or may be dusky greenish dorsally and rose red or crimson elsewhere, the fins roseate to dark violet, the dorsal and anal rays and caudal yellow-margined. In alcohol the color may be greenish dusky or olive above, the sides rosy red. The red usually fades to whitish beneath, each scale with a pale center, so that alternate dusky and light lines run obliquely up and back on the sides. The dorsal and anal are pale with a broad dusky margin having a narrow whitish edge on the soft dorsal and anal. The caudal is brownish to dusky, with a white or greenish posterior margin. The pectoral is yellowish, the ventral yellowish with a dusky tip. Other specimens have the dorsal and anal blackish with a white or pale edge posteriorly, the caudal black with a yellow edge posteriorly. Some specimens have the upper half of the body blackish, the lower half reddish brown. This red snapper is abundant on coral reefs everywhere in the East Indies and Melanesia and is a fine food fish. Described from 10 specimens, 100 to 151 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Lutianus monostigma (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Mesoprion monostigma Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 446 Seychelles; Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 14, pi. 16. Lutianus monostigma Scale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., 1, 1900, p. 74; 4, 1906, p. 40; Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 264; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 287. Lutjanus lioglossus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1877, p. 70, pi. 344, fig. 4. Dorsal X, 13; anal III, 8. There are about 50 scales in the lateral line. The depth is 2.9 to 3 times, the head 2.6 to 2.7 times in the length. The eye is 4 to 4.5 times, the long, pointed snout 2.7 times in the head. The dorsal is low, the third or fourth spine 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 179 longest, 3.35 times in the head. The emarginate caudal is 3.2 to 3.4 times, the long, pointed pectoral 3.8 times in the length. The tongue is smooth. In life the color is deep red or sometimes dark green, the back shaded with bronze or olive. On the lateral line below the posterior dorsal spines and anterior dorsal rays is a small elliptical black spot. In alcohol the red usually disappears, and the color is pale whitish brown, each scale above and on the sides with a dusky vertical bar at the base. The fins are all colorless. The lateral spot remains as in life. Here described from a specimen, 216 mm. long, from Takaroa, Tuamotu Islands, and 2 specimens, 160 and 193 mm. long, from Bora Bora. At Maraa, Tahiti, a fine specimen, 190 mm. long, was collected, and another, 300 mm. long, at Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. At Wala Island, New Hebrides, specimens, 80 mm. long and 26 mm. long, were secured. At Atuona, Hiva Oa Island, was ob- tained a juvenile specimen, 22 mm. long, and at Nuka Hiva Island, also in the Marquesas, 4 specimens, from 24 to 31 mm. in length. These young fish were brilliantly silver, or in one case glistening purplish bronze in color. Lutianus rivulatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Diacope rivulata Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 1828, p. 414, pi. 38 Coromandel, Java, Red Sea, Malabar. Lutianus rivulatus Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 37, pi. 11, fig. 4; Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 262. Lutjanus rivulatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 73, pi. 347, fig. 3. Dorsal X, 15; anal III, 8. There are 54 to 56 rows of scales above, about 50 below the lateral line, 8 to the dorsal origin and 16 to the anal origin. The depth is 2.2, the head 2.3, the caudal 3.25, the pectoral 2.6 times in the length. The small eye is twice in the snout, 5 times in the head. The snout is 2.5, the interorbital 4.15, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.2 times in the head. The maxillary equals the snout. The mouth is large, oblique, the maxillary extending to beneath the pupil. The posterior margin of the preopercle is very finely serrate, with a shallow notch opposite the very poorly developed opercular knob. The color in alcohol is olive gray, each scale on the upper half with a blue or whitish circular spot at its center, each scale on the lower half of the body with a violet brown vertical bar at its base, the head with many wavy and more or less longitudinal violet brown lines. On the lateral line below the soft dorsal is a silvery 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI white spot. The pectoral, anal, and ventrals are violaceous dusky, the other fins dull or greenish gray. Described from 2 specimens from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solo- mon Islands. In life this is a fish of great beauty, with its rose red and violaceous color, pearly blue scale spots, and beautiful blue lines on the head. It is a highly prized food fish and reaches a large size. Specimens weighing from 25 to 40 pounds occur in the East Indian markets. Lutianus argentimaculatus (Forskal). Sciaena argenti-maculata Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xi, 11, 47 Arabia. Dorsal X, 14; anal III, 8. There are 47 or 48 scales in longi- tudinal series above the lateral line, 44 below; from lateral line to origin of dorsal, 7 scales, from lateral line to origin of anal, 13; pre- dorsal scales 13. The depth is 2.7, the head 2.67 times in the length. The eye is 4.2 times in the head, 1.7 in the snout. The interorbital is slightly broader than the eye. The snout is 2.9 times in the head. The pectoral is 1.3 times, the caudal 1.4 times in the head. The depth of the caudal peduncle equals its own length. There is a patch of teeth on the tongue. The ventrals are dusky at the tip, and the soft dorsal and anal each have a large blackish basal blotch. This species attains a large size, and is very widely distributed. In the East Indies it enters rivers and large lakes communicating with the sea, often going long distances from the ocean. It remains in fresh water until sexually mature, returning to the sea to spawn. It reaches a length of nearly a meter, and a weight of from 15 to 25 pounds. One specimen, 260 mm. in length, was obtained at Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Lutianus chrysotaenia Bleeker. Lutjanus chrysotaenia Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam, 14, 1862, p. 106 Batjan; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 302, fig. 4; 8, 1876-77, p. 50. Mesoprion chrysotaenia Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 192. Lutianus chrysotaenia Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 36, pi. 11, fig. 3. Dorsal X, 15; anal III, 9. There are 48 to 50 scales in the lateral line, plus 10 more on the caudal base and caudal, 11 above to the dorsal origin and 19 below to the anal origin. There are about 70 scale rows above and 62 below the lateral line. There are 7 or 8 rows of scales on the preopercle. The body is compressed, the; dorsal region elevated, the profile from the nape to the tip of the snout descending steeply in a straight line. The head equals th<; 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 181 depth, 2.4 to 2.5 times in the length. The emarginate caudal equals the subfalcate pectoral, 3.35 to 4 times in the length. The inter- orbital equals the eye, 4.55 to 4.6, the preorbital 4.85 to 5.4, the snout 2.7 to 2.95, the maxillary 2.3 to 2.4 times in the head. The least depth of the caudal peduncle equals the snout; the interorbital, snout, preorbital, and suborbital are naked. In the upper jaw is a pair of canines a little way back from the tip, visible when the mouth is closed. The other teeth above are in 1 row, stout and acutely pointed. The teeth in the lower jaw are coarse, in 1 row, with 1 or 2 canines on each side posteriorly. The vomerine teeth are very fine, in a somewhat diamond-shaped patch with the lateral and posterior angles elongated. The tongue has an elongate median patch of fine teeth. The scales are in slightly oblique rows above the lateral line, horizontal rows below it. The posterior margin of the preopercle is smooth, with a shallow indentation above the angle. There is no interopercular knob. The third, or third and fourth, dorsal spines are longest, equal to the least depth of the caudal peduncle. The third anal spine is 10 to 11 times in the length. The color in alcohol is very dark violaceous brown above, paling into warm reddish brown below, with 6 broad black longitudinal stripes, the 2 upper ones following the curve of the back anteriorly, the others horizontal. The fourth runs from the tip of the snout across the eye to the upper part of the caudal base. The sixth runs from the gill opening below the pectoral to the anal axil. There is a large black spot on the upper part of the pectoral base and the pectoral axil is black. The top of the snout is deep violaceous brown. The basal two-thirds of the caudal is light brown, the fins otherwise colorless. The above description is of 2 specimens, 151 and 186 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Two more, each 160 mm. long, agree in all respects except color, in this corresponding with the descriptions and the figures cited. The ground color is golden yellow, the dorsal third violaceous gray, with 6 dark brown longitudinal bands, the fourth band much paler than the rest and only readily visible posteriorly. A seventh band along the body from the gill opening below the pectoral to the anal axil has almost disappeared. There is a large black spot at the angle of the pectoral and behind it in the axil. The fins are all golden or colorless, the caudal most brightly colored. The snout is violaceous. 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Lutianus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider). Sparus malabaricus Bloch and Schneider, 1801, p. 278 Coromandel. Mesoprion malabaricus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 2, 182 p. 480. Luiianus malabaricus Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 31, pi. 9, fig. 4. Lutjanus malabaricus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 293, fig. 1; 8 1876-77, p. 61. Mesoprion dodecacanihus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 4, 1853, p. 104 Luijanus dodecacanihus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 302, fig. 2. Dorsal XI, 13; anal III, 8. There are 52 tubulated scales in the lateral line plus 7 on the caudal, 11 above to the dorsal origin and 16 below to the anal origin. There are 54 scale rows below and 64 above the lateral line in longitudinal series. The depth equals the head, 2.5 times in the length. The caudal is 3.5, th pectoral 3.25 times in the length. The eye is 4.25, the snout 2.8 the interorbital 6.25, the maxillary 2.5, the least depth of the cauda peduncle 3.25 times in the head. The distance from the eye to the mouth equals the eye, the width of the preorbital proper 1.25 times in the eye. The mouth is large with projecting lower jaw, the maxillary barely extending to a vertical from the front margin of the eye. The preopercular margin is coarsely toothed at the angle. Above this is a very shallow notch and the remaining margi above is minutely serrate. There is a small opercular knob opposi the indentation of the preopercle. The scales above the lateral lin are in oblique rows, less oblique to the level of the opercular flap below this in horizontal rows. The color in alcohol is silvery, becoming silvery white below, little dusky before the dorsal, with a dusky line along the center o each row of scales above the lateral line. At the axil of the sofi dorsal on top of the caudal peduncle is a large white spot and behin it a larger blackish saddle-like spot, as in Day's and Bleeker's fi The fins are all yellowish to white. Described from a specimen, 134 mm. long, taken at Tenib Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Lutianus russelli (Bleeker). Mesoprion russelli Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., 22, 1849, p. 41 no localitj Luijanus russelli Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 300, fig. 2; 8, 1876-77, p. 71. Genyoroge noiaia (not of Cuvier and Valenciennes) Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fishes, 1849, p. 12 (Diacope notata Cuvier and Valenciennes is something else); Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 181. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 183 Dorsal X, 14; anal III, 8. There are 50 tubulated scales in the lateral line plus 2 more on the caudal base, 8 above and 15 below the line. There are 54 transverse rows of scales above the lateral line and 48 below it. On the opercle are 6 rows of scales. The depth is 2.8, the caudal 3.45, the head 2.55, the pectoral 3.55 times in the length. The eye is 4, the snout 3.25, the interorbital 5.75, the preorbital 7, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3 times in the head. There is a slight emargination in the posterior margin of the preopercle, the angle below it serrate. Above the lateral line the scale rows are oblique, below it horizontal. There is a patch of teeth on the tongue. The color in alcohol is olive brown above, the top of the head darker, the rest of the body silvery to white beneath, with a rosy wash over the sides. Below the anterior half of the soft dorsal on the lateral line is a large blackish spot. The upper part of the eye is blackish. The dorsal is brownish gray to dusky with a blackish marginal line on the spinous portion. The caudal is largely blackish as in Bleeker's figure, the posterior margin paler. The pectorals are whitish, the other fins yellow. There are a brown spot and line on the pectoral base. Described from a specimen, 107 mm. long, from a fresh-water creek on Kulambangra Island, Solomon Islands. Macolor macolor (Lesson). Diacope macolor Lesson, Mem. Paris Soc. Hist. Nat., 4, 1828, p. 409 Dorey Harbor, New Guinea; Lesson, Voy. Coquille, 2, 1830, p. 230, pi. 22, fig. 3. Genyroge macolor Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 176. Lutjanus macolor Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 75, pi. 343, fig. 3. Macolor typus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., 8, 1860, p. 25. Lutjanus niger Weber, Siboga Exp., Fische, 1913, p. 253, pi. 12, figs. 1 and 20. Dorsal X, 14; anal III, 11. There are 15 scales in the lateral line plus 8 on the caudal base, 10 above and 19 below the line. Above the lateral line are 58 transverse rows of scales and 53 below the line, from the opercle to the caudal base. Bleeker gives "70 circ." above, and 65 below the line, but his figures agree with various specimens examined by me. Predorsal scales are 20, gill-rakers 27, plus 63 on the lower limb. The depth is 2.3, the head 2.6, the caudal 3.3, the pectoral 2.7 times in the length. The eye is 3.9, the snout 3.1, the interorbital 2.9, the maxillary 2.3, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.7 times in the head. The long, slender gill-rakers equal the eye and extend forward into the mouth, curling about the tongue much as in Ulua, a genus of Carangidae. The body is oblong, com- 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI pressed, the anterior profile convex, the nape compressed into a sharp ridge, the interorbital very broad and convex, the snout very steep. The jaws are even, the maxillary extending beneath the middle of the eye. The posterior margin of the preopercle has a very deep notch into which the long, curved spine of the opercle is closely appressed. Below this notch the preopercular margin is toothed, above it finely serrate. There is a high basal scaly sheath on the dorsal and anal. On the caudal, the scales extend far out, up to 0.8 of the caudal length. The first dorsal spine is short, not much more than half the eye, the fourth spine longest, 2.55 times in the head, the dorsal spines then curving downward, the dorsal rays much higher. The soft dorsal and anal fins are elongate and pointed posteriorly, the fourth and fifth rays from the last longest and reaching the caudal base when depressed, 1.85 times in the head. The broad caudal is emarginate. The pectoral extends back almost to a vertical above the middle of the anal. The color in alcohol varies from violet brown to blackish brown above, the lower half nearly white to pale violet, with a black band from beneath the pectoral to the lower side of the caudal peduncle. Between the lateral line and the dorsal are 2 rows of large white or violet spots, 3 in the upper row along the dorsal base and 2 in the lower row. The caudal is tipped with whitish and the anal is usually whitish on the posterior margin, the fins otherwise black. This handsome fish is common in the East Indies, and especially so in the Philippines. It reaches a length of half a meter. Various authors have stated that macolor is the young of niger. Having examined large numbers of fresh specimens of various sizes up to those nearly half a meter long, I am not convinced that macolor is merely the young stage of a completely black lutianid. It is curious that no writer seems to have noticed the remarkable gill-rakers of this fish, which alone are sufficient to mark its generic distinction. Described from a specimen, 233 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Evoplites viridis (Valenciennes). Diacope viridis Valenciennes, Voy. Venus, 1855, p. 303, 1846, pi. 1, fig. 2 (poor fig.) Galapagos Islands. Evoplites viridis Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1898, p. 1246. Dorsal X, 14; anal III, 8. There are 54 scales in the lateral line, 9 above and 17 below it. The depth is 2.85 times, the head 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 185 2.6 times in the length. The prominent eye is 3.5, the snout 2.9 times in the head. The interorbital is a sixth less than the eye. The pectoral and caudal are equal, 1.25 times in the head. The fourth dorsal spine is strongest and highest, 4 times in the head. The color in alcohol is reddish to golden brown, paler to whitish below, the top of the head deep brown. There are 5 longitudinal stripes on each side, narrower than the interspaces. In life they are brilliant sky blue, each with marginal lines of dark blue. In the preservative they are bluish, bordered by dark brown. The first stripe is from the occiput to the eighth or ninth dorsal spine. The second runs from the upper margin of the eye to the middle of the soft dorsal base. The third extends from behind the middle of the eye to the top of the caudal peduncle, the fourth from the middle of the upper jaw to the middle of the base of the caudal, and the fifth from over the end of the maxillary to beyond the last anal ray. The dorsal is margined with deep reddish brown. The eye has a golden bronze sheen. Three specimens, 166 to 191 mm. in length, were obtained at Cocos Island. Xenocys jessiae Jordan and Bollman. Xenocys jessiae Jordan and Bollman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 160 Charles Island, Galapagos; Jordan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1896, p. 220, pi. 24; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1898, p. 1285. Dorsal X-I, 13; anal III, 10. There are 52 scales in the lateral line, and 10 more on the caudal base and caudal, 8 above and 15 below the lateral line. The elliptical, compressed body has the back but little elevated, the depth 3.7 to 3.8 times, the head 3.2 to 3.3 times in the length. The lower jaw is moderately prominent, the oblique mouth rather large, the broad maxillary extending to a point below the middle of the pupil. The eye is large, its diagonal width downward and backward greatest, its horizontal diameter 3 to 3.33 times in the head. The snout and the interorbital are equal to or slightly less than the eye. The narrow preorbital covers the edge of the maxillary for its whole length. The teeth are very small, those on the vomer in a A-shaped patch. The dorsal fins are en- tirely separate, the third and fourth spines twice in the head. The second dorsal and anal are low, the third anal spine longest, nearly 4 times in the head. The soft dorsal, anal, basal part of caudal, and ventrals are closely covered with small scales. The length of the deeply forked caudal is nearly 0.9 of the head. The long, 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI pointed pectoral is 1.33 times in the head. There is a well-develope< ventral axillary scale. The color in alcohol is grayish black to brownish gray above silvery below, with 6 or 7 dusky parallel longitudinal stripes on the back and sides, some extending across the opercles and cheeks The upper stripes are as broad as the interspaces, the lower ones narrower. All the fins, except the ventrals, are dusky. Here described from 14 specimens collected at Eden Island They range from 83.5 to 115 mm., but the species reaches a length of 300 mm. One specimen, 164 mm. long, was caught at Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. This species abounds on the bold rocky coasts of the Galapagos Islands, but is not known elsewhere. Xenichthys agassizii Steindachner. Xenichthys agassizii Steindachner, Ichth. Beitrage, III, Sitzungsber. Akad Wiss. Wien, 72, 1875, p. 6 Galapagos Islands; Jordan and Evermann Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1898, p. 1287. Dorsal XI-I, 17 or 18; anal III, 17. There are 58 to 60 scales in the lateral line and several more on the caudal base, 10 above anc 13 below the lateral line. The compressed, elongate body is rathei thick above anteriorly, the dorsal profile elevated, the depth equa to the length of the conical head, which is broad above, 3 to 3.1 times in the depth. The large eye is 2.9 to 3 times in the head, the broac snout 3.5 to 4.1 times, the wide interorbital equal to or greater than the snout. The lower jaw is strongly projecting, the mouth oblique, the maxillary extending beneath the anterior margin of the eye. Thi dorsal and anal fins are low, covered with small scales, as also the caudal base. The depth of the caudal peduncle is 3 to 3. times, the forked caudal 1.2 to 1.3 times in the head. Th falcate pectoral fin extends to the origin of the anal, its length O.S to 0.95 of the head. The color is steel blue or dull gray above, paler to whitish below and more or less silvery over all. A young specimen, 65 mm. long, had 2 longitudinal blackish stripes and a black spot at the b of the pectoral. Here described from 15 specimens, 108 to 144 mm. long, fro Narborough Island, and 10 specimens, ranging from 28 to 141 mm in length, from Eden Island. This species is known only from the Galapagos Islands. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 187 Xenichthys xanti Gill. Xenichthys xanti Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 82 Cape San Lucas (young); Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1898, p. 1287. Xenichthys xenops Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1881, p. 325 Panama (adult). Dorsal XI-I, 18; anal III, 17. There are 56 scales in the lateral line, 10 above and 14 below. The depth of the elliptical, rather deep and compressed body is 3.5 times in the length. The head is little compressed, thick above, 2.9 times in the length. The eye is very large, 2.5 times in the head, nearly 1.4 times the snout. The flat interorbital space equals the snout, 3.5 times in the head. The soft dorsal and anal are low and long, with well-developed scaly sheaths. The soft dorsal, anal, pectorals, ventrals, and basal half of the caudal are largely covered with scales. The length of the caudal is two-thirds that of the head. The pectoral falls far short of reaching the anus, 1.75 times in the head. The color in alcohol is silvery, brownish on top of the head and back, white on the belly, the fins all pale. There is a dusky spot on the upper margin of the eye. Here described from a specimen 60 mm. long. At Post Office Bay, Charles Island, 145 young specimens, 20 to 60 mm. in length, were caught. Caesio caerulaureus Lace"pede. Caesio caerulaureus LacSpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 5, 1801, pp. 112, 113 Moluccas; Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 392; Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 65; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 39, pi. 347, fig. 4; Jordan and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 (1906), p. 266; Herre, Fishery Resources Phil. Is., 1927, pi. 26, fig. 1; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 204. Dorsal X, 15; anal III, 12. There are 58 to 72 scales in the lateral line (the number varying with age and also in individuals of the same size) plus 5 to 7 more on the caudal base, 7 to 9 above and 14 to 17 below the line. The depth is equal to the length of the head, 3.45 times in the length. The deeply forked caudal is 3.1 to 3.4, the pectoral 3.4 to 3.8 times in the length. The eye is 3.6 to 4, the snout 3.66 to 4.25, the interorbital 2.9 to 3.5 times in the head. The least depth of the slender caudal peduncle is 3.5 to 3.6 times in the head. The body is fusiform, plump, the head pointed, the dorsal and ventral profiles evenly and regularly arched in a low curve, both alike. The eye and snout may be equal or either may be a trifle more than the other. The interorbital equals or is a 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI little less than the eye. The adipose eyelid is broader behind than in front. The maxillary extends beneath the anterior margin of the eye or slightly beyond it. The dorsal spines are weak and slender. The color in life is deep blue above, paler blue on the sides, becoming rosy on the lower parts, with a broad golden band above the lateral line extending from the shoulder to the middle of the caudal base. The caudal is reddish with a broad submarginal violet black band in the upper and lower lobes. The dorsal is olivaceous with a marginal line of red and a pale or whitish submarginal stripe. The anal and ventral are blue, the pectoral roseate or yellowish with a large blackish spot in the axil. In alcohol the color varies from blue to blackish above, the sides and under parts violet, vio- laceous brown, or whitish. The golden lateral stripe disappears, but is evident as a paler band margined by dark lines. The dorsal is smoky or blackish, with a black marginal line. The caudal is yellowish or whitish with a broad blackish longitudinal band in each lobe. The other fins are whitish or yellowish. Described from 24 specimens, 72 to 156 mm. long, taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. This beautiful caesio is abundant about all reefs in the East Indies where the water is clear and the currents moderate. Caesio chrysozona Kuhl and Van Hasselt. Caesio chrysozona Kuhl and Van Hasselt in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, 6, 1830, p. 440 East Indies; Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 392; Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 95, pi. 24, fig. 5; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 307, fig. 2; 8, 1876-77, p. 39. Dorsal X, 15; anal III, 12. There are 68 scales in the lateral line plus 7 more on the caudal base, 7 above and 13 below the line. The depth is 4.64, the head 3.1, the caudal 3.8, the pectoral 4.64 times in the length. The eye is 3.33, the snout 4.1, the interor- bital 3.8, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.8 times in the head. The body is elongate, fusiform, the back a trifle more elevated than the arch of the ventral curvature, the breadth 1.4 times in the depth. The maxillary extends just beyond a vertical from the front margin of the eye. The caudal is forked. The color in alcohol is violet blue above, the lower half whitish to white, with a pale band from the hind margin of the preopercle below the lateral line to the middle of the caudal base. The caudal is colorless, the tips of its lobes blackish brown. The dorsal is gray, the anal and ventrals yellow, the pectoral colorless. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 189 Described from a specimen, 65 mm. long, collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Caesio erythrogaster Kuhl and Van Hasselt. Caesio erythrogaster Kuhl and Van Hasselt, in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, 6, 1830, p. 442, fig. 166; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 34, fig. 3; 8, 1876-77, p. 36. Odonectes erythrogaster Gtinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 265. Caesio cuning Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 95. Dorsal X, 14; anal III, 11. There are 50 to 52 scales in the lateral line plus 3 to 5 more on the caudal base, 7 above and 13 below the line. The depth is 2.5 to 2.6, the head 3.2 to 3.35, the forked caudal 2.7 to 2.9, the pectoral 2.8 to 3 times in the length. The eye is 3.75 to 4, the snout 4, the interorbital 3.1 to 3.3, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3.1 to 4 times in the head. The body is oblong, compressed, somewhat pointed both anteriorly and pos- teriorly, the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly equally curved. The maxillary extends beneath the anterior portion of the eye. The angle of the preopercle is toothed, the margin above it very minutely serrate. The dorsal spines are slender and weak, the basal half of the dorsal and anal scaly. The color in alcohol is a very beautiful violet blue on the upper half, the top of the head often blackish violet, shading off to violet brown or silvery or yellowish white on the lower third, the anal and caudal more or less yellow. The dorsal is violaceous with a blackish marginal line. The pectoral is yellow or colorless, with a large blackish axillary spot. Described from 18 specimens, 65 to 190 mm. in length, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Family POMADASIDAE Anisotremus surinamensis (Bloch). Lutianus surinamensis Bloch, Ichtyologie, 8, 1797, p. 1, pi. 253 Surinam. Anisotremus surinamensis Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1898, p. 1318, pi. 208, fig. 537; Meek and Hildebrand, Fishes Panama, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 15, 1925, p. 566, pi. 58. Dorsal XII, 16; anal III, 9. There are 52 scales in the lateral line, 7 above and 14 below it. The color in alcohol is gray, paler below, the dorsal region and sides with a purplish brown spot at the base of each scale, the spots forming rows. 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Only 1 specimen, 97 mm. long, was collected at Eden Island, in the Galapagos. Orthopristis forbesi Jordan and Starks. Orthopristis forbesi Jordan and Starks, in Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896 (1897), p. 443 Albemarle Island, Galapagos; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1896, p. 1336; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 6, 1905, p. 377. Dorsal XII or XIII, 14 to 15; anal III, 11 or 12. In my specimens there are 67 or 68 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, not 80 to 85 as given by Jordan and Starks and Jordan and Evermann; 9 scales above and 20 below the lateral line. The body is elongate, slender, with arched upper profile, the depth 2.9 to 3 times, the head 3.3 times in the length. From the nape to the tip of the snout forms a nearly straight line. The snout is 3.3, the eye 5.3 times in the head. The posterior margin of the preopercle is finely serrate. The vertical fins are low. The lunate caudal is 1.1 in the head. The pectoral is 1.3 in the head. The color in alcohol is dark brown above, becoming pale brown on the under side, with purplish and metallic bluish and violet reflections. The fins are all dusky except the pectoral, which is pale. Two fine specimens from Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 280 and 285 mm. long, and 2, each 205 mm. long, from Narborough Island, in the Galapagos group. Plectorhinchus celebicus Bleeker. Plectorhynchus celebicus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., 4, p. 285 Macassar, Celebes; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 18, pi. 329, fig. 3. Diagramma celebicum Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 7, 1882, p. 238. Dorsal XIII, 20; anal III, 7. There are about 60 tubulated scales in the lateral line, plus 12 more on the caudal, 12 scales to the dorsal origin above the line and 17 scales below it to the anal origin. There are 78 rows of scales in transverse series above the line and 68 below the line. The high, oblong body is much compressed at the head and the posterior half. The depth is 2.65, the head 3.14, the emargin- ate caudal 3.85, the pectoral 5 times in the length. The eye is 4.25, the snout 2.3, the interorbital 3.3, the maxillary 2.7, the preorbital to the end of the maxillary 4, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.7 times in the head. The anterior profile descends in a bold regular curve from the dorsal origin to the tip of the snout. The mouth is rather small, inferior, the lips fleshy, the maxillary extending just beyond a vertical from the front margin of the eye. The hind 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 191 margin of the preopercle is vertical, minutely serrate. The stout dorsal spines are heteracanthous, the third one longest, 2.6 times, the last one 5 times in the head. The soft dorsal base is nearly 3 times the height of the longest rays. The second anal spine is very stout, equal to the third dorsal spine. The color in alcohol is bluish gray, becoming very pale yellowish beneath, with 9 longitudinal golden bands on the body, the fifth to the eighth extending on the caudal. There are 6 golden stripes on the sides of the head, the 3 upper ones beginning at the eye and continuous with stripes on the body, the fourth beginning on the snout and ending at the opercular rear margin, the fifth beginning at the tip of the snout, the sixth behind the maxillary, the 2 last ending on the pectoral base. The dorsals and caudal are violaceous brown to violaceous gray, the other fins yellowish violaceous. Described from a specimen, 321 mm. long, collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Scolopsis margaritifer Cuvier and Valenciennes. Scolopsis margaritifer Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 5, 1830; p. 337 Waigiu; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 355; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 317, fig. 2; 8, 1876-77, p. 3; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 208. Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 7. There are 35 scales in the lateral line plus 4 more on the caudal base, 4 above and 10 below the line and 4 rows of scales on the preopercle. The predorsal scales extend a trifle beyond the front of the eye. The depth is 2.66, the head 2.89, the pectoral 3 times in the length. The forked caudal equals the head, the upper lobe the longer. The large full eye is 2.47, the snout equal to the broad interorbital, 3.2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.84 times in the head. The preorbital has a long stout spine and several teeth beneath the eye. The concave margin of the preopercle has short stout teeth, each with a more or less developed basal hook. The color in alcohol is dusky above, the sides greenish silver, each scale with a pearly vertical stripe or spot basally. There are 2 pearl-colored stripes from the eye to the snout. The dorsal is violaceous dusky, the other fins white or neutral in hue. Described from a specimen, 136 mm. long, from Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Scolopsis leucotaenia (Bleeker). Scolopsides leucotaenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 3, 1852, p. 451 Banka or Lepar Island. 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Scolopsis leucotaenia Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., 4, 1873, p. 351; Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 88, pi. 23, fig. 4; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 294, fig. 4; 8, 1876-77, p. 4. Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 7. There are 37 scales in the lateral line, plus 2 on the caudal base, 4 above and 9 below the line. The depth is equal to the head, 3 times in the length. The forked caudal equals the pectoral, 3.6 times in the length. The eye is 2.6, the snout 3.2, the interorbital 3.6, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 3 times in the head. The body is compressed, the interorbital broad, the snout convex and pointed, the maxillary extending beneath the front margin of the eye. There is a single backward-pointing spine beneath the eye. The posterior margin of the preopercle is serrate, the teeth at the angle not enlarged. The opercle has a single small flat spine. The large eye is very high up, impinging upon the upper profile. There are 4 rows of scales on the preopercle. The color in alcohol is silvery white, the scales dorsally with slightly darker margins. A black stripe extends from the tip of the snout across the eye back to the middle of the caudal base where it ends in a spot. Another band curves back over the eye and to the top of the caudal peduncle. The fins are all colorless, the dorsal with a blackish spot between the first and fourth spines. Described from a specimen, 54 mm. long, from Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Eight more specimens from the same locality in the Solomon Islands, 98 to 147 mm. in length, offer considerable variation. Two smaller specimens are like the one described above, but all the rest are much darker, the whole body above the level of the pectoral being more or less dusky or the scales dark-margined. The dorsal is more or less dusky, with a white marginal line; the deeply forked caudal is nearly colorless to dusky, the other fins colorless or yellowish. A specimen, 98 mm. long, was taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Scolopsis ciliatus (Lace"pede). Holocentrus ciliatus Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1802, pp. 343, 390. Scolopsis ciliatus Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 355; Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 89, pi. 23, fig. 5; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 6. Scolopsides ciliatus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 316, fig. 2. Scolopsides lycogenis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 5, 1830, p. 346, pi. 127. Dorsal X, 8; anal III, 6. There are 42 or 43 scales in the lateral line plus 2 or 3 on the caudal base, 4 above and 10 or 11 below 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 193 the line. The depth is 3, the head 3.4 to 3.65, the caudal 3.3 to 3.4, the pectoral 3.8 to 3.9 times in the length. The eye is 2.65 to 2.9, the snout 2.75 to 3, the interorbital 2.85 to 2.9, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.7 times in the length of the head. The body is oblong, compressed, the anterior profile of the head regularly and evenly convex, the interorbital broad, the caudal forked. The supramaxillary is armed with a prominent serrated ridge. There are 2 large spines on the suborbital, one pointed forward and less conspicuous than the other, which points backward. The posterior extremity of the maxillary extends beneath the front margin of the eye. The posterior margin of the preopercle is serrate, the teeth at the angle largest. The opercle has a single flat spine. The color in alcohol varies from light purplish brown along the back to silvery white on the sides and below, or the whole body may be uniform brown. A pearly white stripe extends along the back just below the dorsal fin. My specimens also show a median longitudinal pearl white band along the side from the angle of the opercle to the middle of the caudal base, as in Cuvier and Valen- ciennes' figure of Scolopsides lycogenis. The fins are all plain. Described from 4 specimens, 85 to 125 mm. in length, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Scolopsis bilineatus (Bloch). Anthias bilineatus Bloch, Ichtyologie, 10, 1797, p. 1, pi. 325, fig. 1 Japan. Scolopis bilineatus Gtinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 357; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 85, pi. 22, fig. 3; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1876-77, p. 7, pi. 323, fig. 2 and pi. 342, fig. 1 ; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 209. Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 7. There are 45 scales in the lateral line plus 3 more on the caudal base, 5 above and 10 below it. The depth is 2.66, the head 3.27 times in the length. The forked caudal equals the head. The eye is large, 2.8 times, the convex snout 3.1 to 3.2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.5 times in the head. The pointed pectoral is a little less than the head. The mouth is small, the jaws even, the maxillary scarcely extending as far as the front margin of the eye. There is a backward-pointing spine beneath the middle of the eye, and above it a small antrorse spine may be present on one or both sides, or absent. The color in alcohol is pale olivaceous to whitish, darker above, with 2 parallel blackish lines, one from the middle of the eye, the other from below the eye, curving upward to the anterior part of 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI the soft dorsal. There is a white stripe on the upper part of the ey which is continued as a pearly or whitish band curving up towar the middle of the spinous dorsal. The upper part of the spinou dorsal and anterior half of the anal are black, the fins otherwi pale to nearly white. In life this is a very handsome fish and is beautiful addition to the aquarium and an ornament on the co: reefs. The 2 parallel black lines enclose a pearly band. A specimen, 115 mm. long, was taken at Malo Island, Ne Hebrides. Family THERAPONIDAE Therapon argenteus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Datnia argentea Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 139 pi. 54 Java. Dorsal XII, 10; anal III, 8. There are 52 scales in the lateral line, 58 in a longitudinal series above and 48 below the lateral line. From the lateral line to the dorsal origin are 11 scales, to the anal origin 18 scales. This species is notable for its long, pointed snout and steep profile descending from the origin of the dorsal. The color is uniform dark silver greenish. The spinous do is dusky with a black margin. The anal is black, the outer pa: of its posterior rays white. The pectoral and caudal are whitish The ventral is black, the inner ray white. One specimen, 90 mm. long, was seined in a fresh-water strea: flowing into Suva Harbor, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Therapon cancellatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Datnia cancellata Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1829, p. 144- Java; Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 8, 1855, p. 438. Therapon cancellatus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., 4, 1873, p. 385. Dorsal XII, 10; anal III, 8. There are 50 scales in the lateral line, plus 6 on the caudal base, 10 above and 18 below the line. The depth is 2.6 to 2.7 times, the head 2.75 to 2.8 times, the caudal 3.5 to 3.6, the pectoral 4.4 to 4.5 times in the length. The eye is 3.85 to 4.2, the snout 2.5 to 2.6, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.7 to 2.9 times in the head. The interorbital equals the eye. The compressed body is very high at the dorsal origin, where it forms a sharp ridge, the anterior profile descending in a long, steep, straight line to the tip of the elongate, naked snout. The mouth is inferior, rather small. In young specimens the maxillary barely extends to a vertical from the front margin of the eye, but in larger specimens it falls short of it. A few villiform teeth are on the vomer 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 195 in the young, but disappear in larger specimens. The posterior margin of the preopercle is serrate to spinate in the young but the serrations are shallower and blunter in older specimens. The oper- culum has 2 spines, the lower one more than twice as long as the upper. The second anal spine is very stout and long, 1.8 to 1.85 times in the depth, 1.7 to 1.8 times in the head, and a little more than the largest and longest dorsal spine, which is the fourth or fifth. The caudal is emarginate. The filiform tips of the ventrals reach the base of the first anal spine. The color in alcohol is light brown above, passing into pale yellowish beneath, each scale with a pale center, and with longi- tudinal dark brown stripes, the first from the upper margin of the eye to the top of the caudal peduncle and upper end of the caudal base, the second from the opercular angle to the middle of the caudal, and the third from the pectoral axil to the anal axil. Over the back are 3 or 4 wide indistinct dusky crossbands. There is a dark brown bar on the opercular membrane. The dorsal is colorless, with a blackish margin on the spinous portion. A large blackish blotch covers the basal two-thirds of the anal rays and the middle of the ventrals is blackish. The other fins are colorless or slightly tinged with darker. Described from 4 specimens taken from a fresh-water creek at Auki, Malaita Island, Solomon Islands, their lengths 92 to 152 mm. Therapon jarbua (Forskal). Sciaena jarbua Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xii, 50 Djedda, Suez, Red Sea. Therapon jarbua Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 20, 1870, p. 729; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, p. 112; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 69, pi. 18, fig. 4; Kendall and Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 289; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 211. Therapon servus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 312, fig. 2. Dorsal X-I, 11; anal III, 8. There are 82 scales in the lateral line plus 6 more on the caudal base, 14 above and 22 below the line. The depth is 3.14, the head 3, the caudal 3.36, the pectoral 5.1 times in the length. The eye is 4.5, the snout equal to the interorbital, 3.39, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.77 times in the head. The body is elongate, compressed, but rather thick anteriorly, the interorbital broad and flat, the mouth moderate with the lower jaw slightly included, the maxillary extending beneath the pupil. The hind margin of the preopercle is nearly vertical, serrated, as is also 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI the lower margin. The upper opercular spine is very small and inconspicuous but the lower one is large and flat, its length more than an eye-diameter. There is a large, flat, serrated bone above the pectoral axilla and one above the angle of the gill opening. The caudal is deeply forked. The color in alcohol is silvery, with 3 curved longitudinal blackish bands. The first extends from the dorsal origin to the base of the soft dorsal. The second curves down from the nape to the lateral line, then up to the base of the last dorsal rays, unites with the first band, and continues along the top of the caudal peduncle. The third band runs from the top of the head to the lower opercular spine, then curves downward slightly and rises posteriorly to the middl of the caudal peduncle and is continued to the tip of the caudal fin. The snout is black. The upper part of both dorsals is black. There is a milk white stripe along the base of the spinous dorsal. The caudal has a broad diagonal black band at the base of each lobe and the lobes are tipped with black. The pectoral has a black axillary spot and the inside of the fin is more or less dusky. The anal is also somewhat dusky on the lower half. Described from a specimen, 185 mm. long, taken at Suva, Vi Levu Island, Fiji. A young specimen, 15 mm. long, was take: at Nukulau Island, Fiji, and one, 49 mm. long, at Bushman Bay Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Family LETHRINIDAE Lethrinus miniatus (Forster). Sparus miniatus (Forster MS.) Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801 p. 281 Pacific Ocean. Lethrinus miniatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 6, 1830, p. 315 Sleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 121, pi. 309, fig. 3; Steindachner, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 115, 1906, Abt. 1, p. 1385; Seale and Bean Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 33, 1907, p. 244; Herre and Montalban, Phil Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 402, pi. 1, fig. 3; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 216. Lethrinella miniata Fowler, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 529. Lethrinus rostratus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 6, 1830, 296; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 134, pi. 33, fig. 1; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876, pi. 309, fig. 3. Lethrinus longirostris Playfair and Giinther, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 44 pl. 7, fig. 2. Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 8. There are 48 scales in the lateral line, plus 4 or 5 more on the caudal base, 6 above to the dorsal origi 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 197 and 16 between the lateral line and the anal origin. The depth is 2.8 to 3.2, the head 2.4 to 2.6 times in the length. The characteristic, elongate, pointed snout is 1.6 to 2 times in the head, the eye 4.5 to 6.8 times in the head and 2 to 4 times in the snout. The interorbital is 4.1 to 4.8, the depth of the compressed caudal peduncle 3.9 to 4.2 times in the head. The lateral teeth are compressed and pointed, only the last ones in the upper jaw at all blunt. The jaws and snout are peculiarly compressed and elongate. The color in alcohol is yellowish, the sides with dusky blotches, the nape, snout, and cheeks violaceous with dusky blotches. The pectoral is yellow, the ventrals blackish, the other fins colored like the body. A fine specimen, 335 mm. long, was purchased in the market at Papeete, Tahiti. Lethrinus variegatus Ehrenberg. Lethrinus variegatus Ehrenberg in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 6, 1830, p. 287 Massaua; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1876, pi. 317, fig. 1; 8, 1877, p. 117, pi. 328, fig. 3, pi. 330, fig. 2; Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 7, 1882, p. 247; Evermann and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906 (1907), p. 86; Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 409, pi. 3, fig. 1. Leihrinus latifrons Ruppell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 118, pi. 28, fig. 4. Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 8. There are 47 scales in the lateral line plus one on the caudal base, 5 above and 15 below it, and 7 pre- dorsal scales. The dorsal and ventral profiles of the compressed, elongate body are equally curved from snout to caudal, the depth 3.3, the head 2.9 times in the length. The eye is 4.66 times, the snout 1.75, the interorbital 3.6 times in the head. These measure- ments are from a specimen of unusual size. Those of ordinary size have the depth 3.6 to 4, the head 2.7 to 2.9 times in the length. The eye 3 to 3.4 (rarely 4), the snout 2.4 to 2.7 times in the head. The color in alcohol is yellowish brown, the lower part much paler, the back and upper sides crossed by transverse blackish brown bands or blotches. The interorbital is violaceous dusky, the snout and sides of the head violet brownish. Smaller specimens have a longitudinal blackish band from the eye to the upper part of the caudal, with a narrow yellowish stripe above it along the anterior half. These longitudinal bands disappear with age. The dorsal, anal, and caudal are transversely barred with blackish brown spots, or the spots disappear, leaving the fins brownish or clear. A specimen, 328 mm. long, was purchased at Papeete, Tahiti. 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Lethrinus harak (Forskal). Sciaena harak Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, p. 52 Red Sea. Lethrinus harak Ruppell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 116, pi. 29, fig. 3 Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 137, pi. 33, fig. 3; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. 8, 1877, p. 119, pi. 327, fig. 3; Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci. 33, 1927, p. 413, pi. 3, fig. 2. Lethrinus bonhamensis Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 65, pi. 47 Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 8. There are 45 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, plus 2 or 3 more on the latter, 6 above and 10 below the lateral line. The upper and lower profiles of the oblong compressed body are about equally arched from the snout tip t( the dorsal and anal axils, the depth 2.6 to 3, the head 2.8 to 3.2, th< caudal 3.4 to 3.7, and the pectoral 3 to 3.3 times in the length The eye is 3.2 to 4, the rather elongate, pointed snout 2 to 2.5 times the interorbital 3.5 to 4.1 times, the least depth of the caudal peduncl 2.9 to 3 times in the head. The maxillary extends to beneath th< anterior nostril and equals the greatest width of the preorbital, 2.< to 2.5 times in the head. The canines at the tip of each javi are of medium size, with a band of villiform teeth behind them The lateral teeth are conical, bluntly pointed anteriorly, becomin medium-sized to large molars posteriorly, each with a lengthwi groove in its crown. The color in alcohol is yellowish to brownish olive above, coming whitish below, with a large blackish blotch between th lateral line and the posterior part of the pectoral. The snout an top of the head are deep violet brown. The fins are all pale. Three specimens, 193 to 220 mm. in length, were taken at Mai Island, and another, 188 mm. long, at Bushman Bay, Malekul Island, New Hebrides. Three specimens, 210 to 230 mm. Ion were collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Lethrinus haematopterus Schlegel. Lethrinus haematopterus Schlegel, Fauna Jap., Pisces, 1842, p. 74, pi. 3 Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 112, pi. 331, fig. 4; Herre and Mon alban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 416, pi. 3, fig. 3; Fowler, Fish Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 216. Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 8. There are 47 scales in the lateral line 5 above and 14 below it. The body is deep, compressed, with th dorsal outline more strongly arched than the ventral, the depth 2.' or 2.5, the head 2.8 or 2.9, the pectoral 2.9 to 3, the caudal 3.4 t( 3.6 times in the length. The eye is 3.3 to 3.6, the snout 1.9 to 2 the interorbital 3.4 to 3.8, the preorbital 2.2 to 2.4, the least dep 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 199 of the caudal peduncle 2.8 to 3 times in the head. The length of the soft anal base is less than the height of the anal rays. The third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines are highest, the last one 3.3 to 3.6 times in the head. The anal spines are progressively higher, the last 3 to 3.6 times in the head. The maxillary extends beneath the posterior nostril. The mouth is horizontal, the lower jaw slightly included. The anterior lateral teeth are conical, becoming molars posteriorly with a distinct longitudinal groove on the crown. The color in alcohol is yellowish brown to gray, the dorsal region darker, paler beneath, many of the scales with a blackish spot basally. The fins are pale reddish to gray, the pectoral with its superior margin dusky. A fine specimen, 265 mm. long, was taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker. Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., 4, 1873, p. 326; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 144, pi. 330, fig. 3; Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 419, pi. 4, fig. 1. Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 8. There are 46 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, 5 above and 15 below it. The body is oblong, compressed, the upper profile more arched than the lower, its depth 2.4, the head 2.7 to 2.8, the pectoral 3 to 3.2, the caudal 3.2 to 3.4 times in the length. The eye is 3.8 to 4, the snout 1.8, the maxillary 2.5, the preorbital 2.1, the interorbital 3.6, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.5 to 2.6 times in the head. The length of the soft anal base is more than the height of the longest rays. The head is as deep as long, its upper profile before the eyes con- cave. The maxillary does not reach a perpendicular from the pos- terior nostril. The lips are thick and fleshy. In the front of each jaw i are four slightly curved and rather stout canines, the outer ones longer than the inner ones. The anterior lateral teeth are conical, the posterior ones large molars, each with a distinct longitudinal groove along the middle of its crown. The fourth to sixth dorsal spines are the highest, the last one 3.2 to 3.5 times in the head. The third anal spine is longest, 3 to 3.1 times in the head. The color in alcohol is yellowish brown to yellowish gray, with a violet brown edge to each scale, the naked portion of the head deep violet or violaceous brown. The spinous dorsal and anal are yellowish basally, becoming blackish outwardly. The rays of the dorsal, anal, and caudal are blackish violet, the membranous por- 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI tions yellowish to gray. The ventral spine and rays are wash with violet on the outer half. The pectoral is white or gray. A specimen, 228 mm. long, was collected at Tenibuli, Ysabe Island, Solomon Islands. Lethrinus leutjanus (Lace"pede). Bodianus leutjanus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 4, 1802, pp. 281, 293; Bleeker Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 120, pi. 354, fig. 5. Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 8. There are 47 scales in the lateral lin and 2 more on the caudal base, 6 above and 16 below the latera line in transverse series; 8 predorsal scales. The depth is 2.5, the head 3 times in the length. The snout is long, 1.9 times, the eye 4.25 times in the head. The interorbital is wider than the eye, 3.S times in the head. The length of the pectoral equals the head, that of the caudal is 0.9 of the head. The least depth of the cauda peduncle is 2.8 times in the head. The third and fourth dorsa spines are longest, 3 times in the head, the third anal spine vei slightly shorter. The fifth dorsal ray is longest, twice in the head The fourth anal ray is longest, 2.75 times in the head. One specimen, 216 mm. long, was obtained at Suva, Viti Le Island, Fiji. Gnathodentex oculo-maculatus Herre. Fig. 10. Gnathodentex oculo-maculatus Herre, Jour. Pan-Pacific Res. Inst., 6, No. 4, 1931, p. 7 (name only). Gnathodentex oculo-maculatus Herre, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18, No. 12, 1935, p. 407. Dorsal X, 9; anal III, 8; scales 6 to 7-69 to 74+5 or 6-15 to 17, predorsal 12 to 14, 5 rows on preopercle. Depth 2.8 to 2.9, head 2.9 to 3, caudal 2.9 to 3.3, pectoral 3.6 to 3.9, ventral 4.45 to 4.55 in length. Eye 2.5 to 2.9, snout 2.6 to 3.1, interorbital 3 to 3.2, depth of caudal peduncle 3 to 3.33, maxillary 4, first dorsal spine 4.9 to 5.5, fourth dorsal spine 2.85 to 3, third anal spine 2.9 to 3.15 in head. Body elongate-oblong, compressed. Head pointed. Upper profile more arched than ventral outline. Eye very large and prominent, touching dorsal profile. Head a little concave behind eye, a little angulate at interorbital. Snout convex, pointed. Mouth small. Maxillary does not reach eye. A pair of small anterior canines in lower jaw. A coarsely toothed ridge on upper max- illary. Preopercular margin smooth. Dorsal spines heteracanthous. Four specimens collected at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 201 Pentapus caninus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Scolopsides caninus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 5, 1830, p. 354 Dorey Harbor, New Guinea. Heterognatliodon caninus Giinther, Fische der Stidsee, 1, 1873-76, p. 32. Pentapus caninus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 103; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 218. Pentapus xanthopleura Kner, Zool. Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 61; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1873-76, pi. 310, fig. 3. Dorsal X, 8 or 9; anal III, 7. There are 45 scales in the lateral line, 3 above and 8 or 9 below it. The depth is 3.1 to 3.2, the head 3.3 to 3.4, the caudal 3 to 3.33, the pectoral 4.6 to 4.75 times in the length. The eye is 3.3 to 3.85, the snout 2.6 to 2.85, the inter- orbital 3 to 3.3, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.35 to FlG. 10. Gnathodentex oeulo-maculatus Herre, Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. 2.75 times in the head. The fourth dorsal spine is longest, 2.15 to 2.25 times in the head. The body is oblong, compressed, the head pointed, the eye large and high up. On either side of the symphysis of the mandible is a large, curved, backward-pointing canine. The pos- terior margin of the preopercle is smooth. There are 5 well-developed rows of scales on the cheek, plus another row on the preopercular flange. The caudal is deeply emarginate with pointed but not produced lobes. The color in alcohol is brownish gray above, the belly whitish, each scale on the upper three-fourths margined with dark brown, these marginal lines forming conspicuous diagonal dark lines running downward and backward along each row of scales. Above the pecto- ral base begins a bright silvery band which runs back to the middle of the caudal peduncle and which is very wide along the middle of 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI its course. Above the eye begins a pearly or silvery line which runs back just below the dorsal to the origin of the dorsal rays. A blue band on the snout crosses from eye to eye, continues on across the eye as a pearly line and extends in a curve from the eye to the margin of the opercle in front of the pectoral base. Another bright pearl-colored line runs from the upper posterior margin of the eye to the beginning of the lateral line and then just beneath the lateral line to the middle of the trunk. On the pectoral base is a dark brown bar. The fins are all colorless. Described from 4 specimens, 130 to 175 mm. long, from Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Solomon Islands. Family SPARIDAE Sparus berda Forskal. Sparus berda Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xi, 32 Arabia. Chrysophrys berda Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1840, p. 120, pi. 27, fig. 4; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 140, pi. 34, fig. 2, pi. 35, fig. 2. Sparus hasia Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 108, pi. 345, fig. 3. Sparus calamara Russell, Fishes Coromandel, 1, 1803, p. 63, pi. 92; Evermann and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fish., 26, 1907, p. 86. Sparus berda Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 430, pi. 6, fig. 2; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 218. Dorsal XI, 11; anal III, 8. There are 44 scales in the lateral line, 4 above and 10 below the line. There are 40 transverse rows of scales in a longitudinal series from the opercle to the caudal base, counted above the lateral line, and also 40 rows counted below the lateral line. The compressed body is very deep, the back much elevated, the depth 2.1 times in the length. The head is 2.85, the pectoral 2.45 times in the length. The eye is 4.8, the snout 2.3, the maxillary 2.2, the preorbital width 3.2, the interorbital 3.2, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.65 times in the head. The large head is as deep as long. The maxillary extends beneath the pupil. The lips are wide, thick, and fleshy, the jaws stout, with 6 incisors in front both above and below. The roof of the mouth is covered with teeth arranged in 4 somewhat irregular rows, the anterior teeth smaller and more or less granular, the posterior teeth large molars with rounded crowns. The lower jaw has within the outer row 3 rows of irregular teeth on each side, granular anteriorly, and molariform posteriorly, the rear teeth of the inner row much the largest. The head is scaled above the eyes and on the sides, the preopercle with 6 rows. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 203 In life the color was greenish with a metallic bronze luster, the fins paler, except the spinous dorsal, which is dusky. Behind the upper angle of the opercle was a blackish spot. In alcohol the color is very dark greenish gray, most of the scales with a darker basal spot or streak, a dusky spot at the pectoral axil, the spinous dorsal blackish green, the other fins dusky gray to greenish gray. The naked top of the snout is violet brown. Described from a specimen, 343 mm. long, caught in a fresh- water creek on Kulambangra Island, Solomon Islands. Calamus brachysomus (Lockington). Sparus brachysomus Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, p. 284 Magdalena Bay, Lower California. Calamus brachysomus Evermann and Jenkins, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, p. 153; Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1898, p. 1353; Meek and Hildebrand, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 15, 1925, part 2, p. 574. Dorsal XII, 12; anal III, 10. There are 47+3 scales in the lateral line and 43 to 46 in a series below it; 7 scales above and 12 below the line; 5 or 6 rows on cheeks. The back of the deep and com- pressed body is much elevated, the profile strongly convex at the nape. The head is 3 to 3.35, the depth 2 to 2.15 times in the length. The caudal equals the head. The eye is 3 to 4, the snout 2 to 3, the maxillary 2.3 to 3 times in the head. The small mouth is nearly horizontal, the lower jaw included. Each jaw has a patch of conical teeth anteriorly, the outer ones enlarged, and 2 or 3 rows of molars along the sides, the inner teeth broadest. The color in alcohol is greenish silvery, the snout black, as is the margin of the preopercle and opercle, each scale with a pale or golden spot, the spots forming longitudinal rows. There is a dark spot at the upper part of the pectoral base. A specimen, 270 mm. long, was taken at Academy Bay, Inde- fatigable Island, Galapagos. Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal). Sciaena grandoculis Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xii, 53 Djedda, Red Sea. Sphaerodon grandoculis Ruppell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 113, pi. 28, fig. 2; Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 1873-75, p. 67. Monotaxis grandoculis Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1875, pi. 299, fig. 1 (young) as Spherodon heterodon; 8, 1877, p. 105; Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 23, part 1, 1903 (1905), p. 243, fig. 101 (young, after Bleeker); Jordan and Seale, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fish., 25, 1905 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI (1906), p. 271 (young); Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 425, pi. 5, fig. 2 (young) and fig. 3 (adult); Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 219. Lethrinus latidens Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 6, 1830, p. 316. Spherodon latidens Kner, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 83, pi. 4, fig. 1. Monotaxis indica Bennett, Life of Raffles, Fishes, 1830, p. 683. Sphaerodon heterodon Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 465; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 7, 1875-76, pi. 299, fig. 1 (young). Dorsal X, 10; anal III, 9. There are 45 to 47 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 to 5 more on the caudal base, 6 above and 15 below it. The depth is 2.3 to 2.5, the head 2.8 to 3.1 times in the length. The upper profile is elevated and is swollen and bulging before the upper part of the eye. The very large, circular eye is 2.5 to 2.9, the very steeply inclined snout 2.2 to 2.6, the interorbital 2.6 to 2.8 times in the head. The upper jaw has 6 canines in front, the lower jaw 4, with a single series of broad molars laterally in each jaw. The snout, preorbital, and suborbital are much larger and broader proportionately in the adult than in young specimens and the eyes are more conspicuous. In life, adults are uniform dusky violaceous, becoming dusky above, the throat and belly paler, often with more or less silver sheen on the sides and belly. There may be yellow above the pectoral. The dorsal, anal, and caudal are the same color as or darker than the body. In alcohol the color is pale whitish, yellowish, or brownish violet, paler beneath, the sides with longitudinal streaks posteriorly. The interorbital is dark violet brown. The dorsal, anal, and caudal membranes are dark violet brown to nearly color- less. The ventrals and pectoral are colorless to violaceous. The pectoral may have a violet or blackish bar on its base and a spot of the same color in its axil. Here described from 2 specimens, 285 and 290 mm. long, purchased in the market at Papeete, Tahiti. In most collections only the young are represented and most published figures are of the immature. The young are much paler in color, greenish or grayish with a silvery luster, with 2 white transverse bands, one from the first 3 dorsal spines, the other from the last 2 spines. This toothsome food fish is abundant in the Solomon Islands. At Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, 7 specimens, from 68 to 195 mm. in length, were taken. A specimen, 85 mm. long, from Hathorn Sound, New Georgia Island, is so different as almost to merit a varietal name. A dark 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 205 purplish brown submarginal band extends along the upper and lower lobes of the very deeply forked caudal. The upper half of the trunk and the dorsal are dark purplish brown, crossed by 2 silvery pale brown bands. t Family KYPHOSIDAE jydixodon freminvillei Valenciennes. Doydixodon freminvillei Valenciennes, Voy. Venus, 5, p. 323, 1855, pi. 5, 1846 Galapagos Islands; Jordan and Evermann,- Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1898, p. 1382. Dorsal XII, 15; anal III, 15. There are 51 to 55 scales in the lateral line, 12 above and 14 below it. The body is thick and heavy, the depth, in a specimen 65 mm. long, 2.5 times, the head 3.4 times in the length. The anterior profile is boldly convex, the snout nearly vertical. The eye is 3.33 times, the snout nearly 3 times in the head. The color in alcohol is dark purplish brown above, paler below posteriorly, and white under the head and on the belly. The dorsal is blackish brown, the anal dusky, the caudal a little paler. The pectoral is pale brown with a greenish pale crossbar near the base. From Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 1 specimen, 120 mm. long, was taken. From a tide pool on Narborough Island 9 speci- mens, 72 to 128 mm. long, were taken. At Eden Island a specimen, 65 mm. long, was captured. Two specimens were collected at South Seymour Island, 21 and 22 mm. in length. Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskal). Sciaena cinerascens Forskal, Descr. Anim., 1775, pp. xii, 53 Red Sea. Pimelepterus cinerascens Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 143, pi. 35, fig. 3; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, p. 15, pi. 364, fig. 4. Kyphosus cinerascens Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 33, 1927, p. 436, pi. 7, fig. 3; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 221. Pimelepterus indicus Kuhl and Van Hasselt in Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1831, p. 270. Pimelepterus altipinnis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1831, p. 270. Pimelepterus dussumieri Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 7, 1831, p. 273. Pimelepterus tahmel Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 1835, p. 35, pi. 10, fig. 4. Dorsal XI, 12; anal III, 11. There are 53 scales in the lateral line plus 7 or 8 more on the caudal base, 10 above to the dorsal origin and 18 below the lateral line to the anal origin. The body 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI is elongate-ovate, moderately compressed, the depth 2.2 to 2.3, th head 3.4 to 3.7 times in the length. The eye is 3.2 to 3.5, the blunt rounded snout 2.7 to 2.8 times in the head. There is a convex hump in front of the eyes, the interorbital 2.4 to 2.6 times in the head. The dorsal spines increase in height to the sixth or seventh which is about 2.5 times in the head and much lower than the an- terior dorsal rays, the second ray 1.8 times in the head. The base of the soft dorsal is 1.5 times in the base of the spinous dorsal. The anal rays are equal to or higher than the dorsal rays. The least depth of the caudal peduncle is twice in the head. The caudal is deeply emarginate, with pointed lobes, 2.85 times in the total length In life this fish is very different from its appearance after death It is silvery gray with bright golden longitudinal bands on the sides the fins dusky. In alcohol the color is silvery gray to blackish the scales with silvery or pale centers which form longitudina bands alternating with dark bands between the scale rows. A fine specimen was obtained at Moorea, its length 280 mm Flocks of this herbivorous fish play about reefs washed by strong currents, coming up to shallow water to feed. Four specimens, 13 to 172 mm. in length, were taken at Tenibuli, Ysabel Island, Sol mon Islands. Kyphosus waigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard). Pimelepterus waigiensis Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1825, p. 386 pi. 62, fig. 4 lies des Papous. Dorsal XI, 14; anal III, 14. There are 58 tubulated scales i the lateral line and 7 or 8 more on the caudal base. The color in alcohol is silver gray, with alternate longitudin lines of gray and brown, most conspicuous below the lateral line, and large whitish spots scattered over the lower parts. There i a bright silver stripe from the tip of the snout backward belo the eye. The free dorsal and anal rays are dusky. One young specimen, 45 mm. long, was obtained on the reef a Ovalau Island, Fiji. Family GERRIDAE Gerres filamentosus Cuvier. Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, Regne Anim., ed. 2, 2, 1829, p. 188, on Zeus wodawahah Russell, Fishes Coromandel, 1, 1803, p. 52, fig. 67 Vizig, patam; Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 98, pi. 25, fig. 3; Fowler, Fishi Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 226. Diapterus filamentosus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 124, pi. 36 fig. 3. 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 207 Dorsal IX, 10; anal III, 7. There are 47 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 more on the caudal base, 6 above and 9 below it. The depth is 2.33, the head 3.1, the pectoral 2.66 times in the length. The eye is 3.3 times, the snout 3, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.57 times in the head. The deeply forked caudal equals the head. The second dorsal spine is very elongate, often extending to the caudal but in my specimen reaching the posterior part of the soft dorsal and 2.1 times in the length. The mouth is very pro- tractile, the posterior end of the maxillary beneath the front margin of the eye. The second anal spine is stronger than the third, which is of the same length, about 2.4 times in the head. The color in alcohol is yellowish with silvery luster, the upper half of the body with longitudinal rows of short horizontal bluish bars, a blackish spot on the opercle, and a short black line near the base of each dorsal spine and ray, the dorsal with a dusky or black margin. The other fins are all whitish to colorless. A specimen, 112 mm. long, was caught at Bushman Bay, Male- kula Island, New Hebrides. Gerres kapas Bleeker. Gerres kapas Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 2, 1851, p. 482 Batavia, Java; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 225. Diapterus kapas Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 127, pi. 391, fig. 3. Xystaema kapas Jordan and Dickerson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34, 1908, p. 610. Dorsal IX, 10; anal III, 7. There are 39 scales in the lateral line to the caudal base, and 3 or 4 more on the latter. Above the lateral line are 5, below it 9 scales. There are 18 or 19 predorsal scales. The depth is 2.6 to 2.7 times, the head 3.2 to 3.3 times in the length. The third dorsal spine is 1.4 to 1.5 times in the head. The third anal spine is longer than the second, 2.5 to 2.8 times in the head. The pectoral is 3.3 times in the length. The color in alcohol is pale olive brown above, the lower half yellowish white. There is a blackish spot at the top of the second and third spines and a black line along the dorsal margin, the entire membrane of the fin sprinkled with minute dusky dots. The other fins are all pale. There is a large dusky spot covering most of the opercle. Three specimens, 132 to 136 mm. in length, were collected on a reef near Suva, Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Gerres macracan thus Bleeker. Gerres macracanihus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 6, 1854, p. 195. 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI Bleeker's specimens, which were from 88 to 166 mm. in length were regarded by Giinther as the adult of Gerres punctatus Cuviei and Valenciennes. Fowler places Gerres macracanthus under Gerre, filamentosus Cuvier, as the young of that species. Considering th( size of some of Bleeker's specimens and the view taken by Giinther the arrangement made by Fowler (Fishes of Oceania, p. 226) car hardly be accepted. G. macracanthus agrees with G. filamentosus ir having an elongate second dorsal spine, but differs in having <. much slenderer form and by being marked by dark vertical bands well shown in Bleeker's figure. One specimen, 31 mm. long, was collected from a reef near Suv Viti Levu Island, Fiji. Gerres macrosoma Bleeker. Gerres macrosoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 6, 1854, p. 56 Sindangole Halmahera; Fowler, Fishes Oceania, Mem. Bishop Mus., 10, 1928, p. 224 Diapterus macrosoma Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 8, 1876-77, p. 126, pi. 362, fig. Dorsal IX, 10; anal III, 7. There are 38 to 40 scales in the lateral line, plus 3 more on the caudal base, 4 scales above and below the line. The depth is 2.6, the head 3 times in the len| the forked caudal equal to the head. The interorbital equals th( least depth of the caudal peduncle, 3 times in the head. The is elongate ovoid, strongly compressed, deepest at the origin of the spinous dorsal. The color in alcohol is very pale whitish, the upper half cros barred and spotted with olive brown, the lower half more or 1< silvery. The tip of the spinous dorsal is black and the whole margii more or less dusky. There is a large blackish spot on the opercle Six specimens, 43 to 62 mm. in length, from Suva, Viti Le\ Island, and one, 60 mm. long, from Nukulau Island, Fiji. Eucinostomus californiensis (Gill). Diapterus californiensis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 24* Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Eucinostomus californiensis Jordan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1895, p. 46S Jordan and Evermann, Fishes N. and Mid. Amer., 2, 1898, p. 1369; Me and Hildebrand, Fishes Panama, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 1! 1925, p. 584, pi. 62, fig. 1. Dorsal IX, 10; anal III, 7. There are 46 to 48 scales in the later line, plus 2 more on the caudal base. The depth is 2.8, the head 3.5 times in the length. The eye is 3, the snout 2.67 times in the heac The dorsal outline forms a regular curve from the upper lip to the caudal peduncle. The flat interorbital equals the eye. The seconc 1936 FISHES OF CRANE PACIFIC EXPEDITION HERRE 209 interhaemal spine is a hollow cone, entered by the air bladder, which comes to a point posteriorly. Anteriorly the air bladder has two small appendages which extend forward to the cranium. The color in alcohol is bright silver, the dorsal with a very narrow blackish margin. Otherwise the fins are pale. Viewed from above the back is pale brownish yellow with irregular darker blotches, a metallic luster over all. Twenty specimens, 77 to .128 mm. in length, were taken at Eden Island, Galapagos. The description was taken from a speci- men, 128 mm. long. Family MULLIDAE Upeneus tragula Richardson. Upeneus tragula Richardson, Ichth. China, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1845, p. 220 Canton; Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam, 15, 1875, Revis. Mull., p. 11; Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 392, fig. 2. Upeneoides tragula Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, p. 398; Day, Fishes India, 1878, p. 121, pi. 30, fig. 4; Herre and Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 36, 1928, p. 99, pi. 2, fig. 1. Dorsal VIII-I, 8; anal I, 6; there are 31 scales in the lateral line, plus ? on the caudal base, 3 above and 7 below it. The depth is 4 to 4.5, the head 3.2 to 3.7, the deeply forked caudal 3 to 3.5 times in the length. The eye is 4 to 4.9, the snout 2.3 to 2.4, the interorbital 3.4 to 3.8, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.3 to 2.7 times in the head. The maxillary extends beneath the anterior margin of the pupil. The entire head, including preorbital, maxillary, and chin, is covered with scales. The first dorsal spine is minute, the second spine highest, 1.4 to 1.6 times in the head. The soft dorsal and anal are equal in height, 1.6 to 1.9 times in the head. The color in life is gray, spotted with brownish above, each scale on the lower half with a conspicuous brown spot, and a brown band from the tip of the snout through the eye to the caudal base. The upper half of the dorsal is black, sprinkled with yellow, rounded spots, the lower half with faint dusky bands. The soft dorsal has 2 or 3 faint dusky bands and the caudal is obliquely barred with dusky bands. The anal, pectorals, and ventrals are crossbarred by rows of red spots. In alcohol the color is brownish above, yellowish below, with a dusky band from the snout across the eye to the caudal base. The fins are much as in life, the red spots, however, becoming dark. Described from Philippine specimens. Two young but unmis- takable specimens, 29 and 35 mm. in length, were collected by electric light lure, at Tulagi, Solomon Islands. 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXI I' peneus sulphureus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 3, 1 p. 450 Antjer, Straits of Sunda; Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 9, 1878, pi. 3 fig. 4. Upeneoides sulphureus Day, Fishes India, 1878-88, p. 120, pi. 30, fig. 3 Jordan and Richardson, Bull. Bur. Fish., 27, 1908, p. 260; Kendall anc Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 26, 1911, p. 293; Herre anc Montalban, Phil. Journ. Sci., 36, 1928, p. 103, pi. 3, fig. 1. Upeneoides belaque Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, 1918, p. 40 fig. 16. Dorsal VIII-I, 8; anal I, 6. There are 36 scales in the latera line, plus 4 more on the caudal base, 3 above and 7 below the line The depth is 3.2 to 3.5, the head 3.1 to 3.5, the caudal 3.2 to 3. the pectoral 3.8 to 4.2 times in the length. The eye is 3.6 to 4, th snout 2.3 to 2.7, the least depth of the caudal peduncle 2.5 to 2. times in the head. There are 8 or 9+20 or 21 long, slender gill rakers on the first arch. The compressed body is rather deep the snout long, convex, the caudal deeply forked. The mouth nearly horizontal, the lower jaw shorter than the upper, the maxill extending below the anterior part of the eye. The teeth are i villiform bands on the jaws, vomer, and palatines. The preorbi is partly naked, the rest of the head scaled. The barbels reach aim to the hind margin of the opercle. The color in alcohol is dusky gray above, pale yellowish below, with traces of 2 yellow stripes on the body, one from the eye to th caudal base, the other from the pectoral axil to the caudal peduncl The top of the spinous dorsal is deep black, the margin of the so dorsal is black, and the caudal has a dusky, white-edged posteri margin. There is a large black blotch on the opercle. Two specimens, 154 and 159 mm. in length, were collected at Bushman Bay, Malekula Island, New Hebrides. Also referred here are 7 yo